Sanasam Sanjeev

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100654" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100654" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Centipede" class="size-medium wp-image-100654 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100654" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Centipede" data-recalc-dims="1" height="113" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Centipede.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100654">
 Centipede was identified in soil samples through foldscope.
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Centipedes
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Centipedes
 
 (from Latin prefix
 
 centi-
 
 , “hundred”, and
 
 pes, pedis
 
 ,
 
 “foot”
 
 ) are arthropods belonging to the class
 
 Chilopoda
 
 of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs (Lloyd et al., 2006; Arthur 2002; Arthur etal., 2005). Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage. Centipedes are predominantly carnivorous (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 Their size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs. Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments. They normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red. Cavernicolous (cave-dwelling) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation, and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of
 <a alt="Antenna_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Antenna_%28biology%29">
 antennae
 </a>
 at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated
 <a alt="Mandible_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Mandible_%28arthropod%29">
 mandibles
 </a>
 , and two pairs of
 <a alt="Maxilla_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Maxilla_%28arthropod%29">
 maxillae
 </a>
 . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip, and bear short
 <a alt="Palp" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Palp">
 palps
 </a>
 . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth. These limbs, or
 <a alt="Maxilliped" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Maxilliped">
 maxillipeds
 </a>
 , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
 <li>
 Behind the head, the body consists of 15 or more segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs, with the maxillipeds projecting forward from the first body segment, and the final two segments being small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair immediately in front of it, ensuring that they do not overlap, so reducing the chance that they will collide with each other while moving swiftly. In extreme cases, the last pair of legs may be twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a
 <a alt="Telson" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Telson">
 telson
 </a>
 and includes the openings of the reproductive organs (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 Worldwide, an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist (Adis et al., 2000) of which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, where they even reach beyond the Arctic Circle (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they are found in soil and leaf litter, under stones and dead wood, and inside logs. Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators, and often contribute significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems.
 </li>
</ul>

 
 References:
 


 Lloyd, John (2006).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/books">
 The Book of General Ignorance
 </a>
 . London: Bloomsbury House. p. 119.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0571273785" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/0571273785">
 0571273785
 </a>
 . Retrieved June 10, 2014.




 Arthur, W. (2002). “The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis”.
 <a alt="Heredity_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Heredity_%28journal%29">
 Heredity
 </a>
 .
 
 89
 
 (4): 239–246.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800139" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/10.1038%252Fsj.hdy.6800139">
 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12242638" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/12242638">
 12242638
 </a>
 .


 Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). “The centipede Strigamia maritima: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation”.
 <a alt="BioEssays" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/BioEssays">
 BioEssays
 </a>
 .
 
 27
 
 (6): 653–660.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20234">
 10.1002/bies.20234
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="15892117" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/15892117">
 15892117
 </a>


 Lewis, J. G. E. (2007).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/books">
 The Biology of Centipedes
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Cambridge_University_Press" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Cambridge_University_Press">
 Cambridge University Press
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-521-03411-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/978-0-521-03411-1">
 978-0-521-03411-1
 </a>
 .


 Adis, Joachim; Harvey, Mark S. (2000). “How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia?”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment.
 
 35
 
 (2): 139–141.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2F0165-0521%28200008%2935%3A2%3B1-9%3BFT139">
 10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139
 </a>


 Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–816.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-03-056747-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100657/0-03-056747-5">
 0-03-056747-5
 </a>
 .

Centipede was observed and identified by using the foldscope in soil sample

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100633" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100633" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Centipede (5)" class="size-medium wp-image-100633 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100633" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Centipede (5)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="149" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Centipede-5.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100633">
 Centipedes were identified in foldscope in soil sample
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Centipedes
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Centipedes
 
 (from Latin prefix
 
 centi-
 
 , “hundred”, and
 
 pes, pedis
 
 ,
 
 “foot”
 
 ) are arthropods belonging to the class
 
 Chilopoda
 
 of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs (Lloyd et al., 2006; Arthur 2002; Arthur etal., 2005). Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage. Centipedes are predominantly carnivorous (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 Their size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs. Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments. They normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red. Cavernicolous (cave-dwelling) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation, and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of
 <a alt="Antenna_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Antenna_%28biology%29">
 antennae
 </a>
 at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated
 <a alt="Mandible_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Mandible_%28arthropod%29">
 mandibles
 </a>
 , and two pairs of
 <a alt="Maxilla_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Maxilla_%28arthropod%29">
 maxillae
 </a>
 . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip, and bear short
 <a alt="Palp" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Palp">
 palps
 </a>
 . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth. These limbs, or
 <a alt="Maxilliped" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Maxilliped">
 maxillipeds
 </a>
 , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
 <li>
 Behind the head, the body consists of 15 or more segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs, with the maxillipeds projecting forward from the first body segment, and the final two segments being small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair immediately in front of it, ensuring that they do not overlap, so reducing the chance that they will collide with each other while moving swiftly. In extreme cases, the last pair of legs may be twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a
 <a alt="Telson" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Telson">
 telson
 </a>
 and includes the openings of the reproductive organs (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 Worldwide, an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist (Adis et al., 2000) of which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, where they even reach beyond the Arctic Circle (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they are found in soil and leaf litter, under stones and dead wood, and inside logs. Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators, and often contribute significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems.
 </li>
</ul>

 
 References:
 


 Lloyd, John (2006).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/books">
 The Book of General Ignorance
 </a>
 . London: Bloomsbury House. p. 119.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0571273785" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/0571273785">
 0571273785
 </a>
 . Retrieved June 10, 2014.




 Arthur, W. (2002). “The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis”.
 <a alt="Heredity_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Heredity_%28journal%29">
 Heredity
 </a>
 .
 
 89
 
 (4): 239–246.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800139" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/10.1038%252Fsj.hdy.6800139">
 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12242638" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/12242638">
 12242638
 </a>
 .


 Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). “The centipede Strigamia maritima: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation”.
 <a alt="BioEssays" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/BioEssays">
 BioEssays
 </a>
 .
 
 27
 
 (6): 653–660.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20234">
 10.1002/bies.20234
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="15892117" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/15892117">
 15892117
 </a>


 Lewis, J. G. E. (2007).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/books">
 The Biology of Centipedes
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Cambridge_University_Press" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Cambridge_University_Press">
 Cambridge University Press
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-521-03411-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/978-0-521-03411-1">
 978-0-521-03411-1
 </a>
 .


 Adis, Joachim; Harvey, Mark S. (2000). “How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia?”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment.
 
 35
 
 (2): 139–141.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2F0165-0521%28200008%2935%3A2%3B1-9%3BFT139">
 10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139
 </a>


 Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–816.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-03-056747-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100666/0-03-056747-5">
 0-03-056747-5
 </a>
 .

Centipedes observed and identified through foldscope in soil sample

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100625" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100625" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Centipede (4)" class="size-medium wp-image-100625 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100625" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Centipede (4)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="251" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Centipede-4.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100625">
 Centipedes were identified through foldscope
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Centipedes
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Centipedes
 
 (from Latin prefix
 
 centi-
 
 , “hundred”, and
 
 pes, pedis
 
 ,
 
 “foot”
 
 ) are arthropods belonging to the class
 
 Chilopoda
 
 of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs (Lloyd et al., 2006; Arthur 2002; Arthur etal., 2005). Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage. Centipedes are predominantly carnivorous (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 Their size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs. Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments. They normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red. Cavernicolous (cave-dwelling) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation, and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of
 <a alt="Antenna_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Antenna_%28biology%29">
 antennae
 </a>
 at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated
 <a alt="Mandible_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Mandible_%28arthropod%29">
 mandibles
 </a>
 , and two pairs of
 <a alt="Maxilla_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Maxilla_%28arthropod%29">
 maxillae
 </a>
 . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip, and bear short
 <a alt="Palp" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Palp">
 palps
 </a>
 . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth. These limbs, or
 <a alt="Maxilliped" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Maxilliped">
 maxillipeds
 </a>
 , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
 <li>
 Behind the head, the body consists of 15 or more segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs, with the maxillipeds projecting forward from the first body segment, and the final two segments being small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair immediately in front of it, ensuring that they do not overlap, so reducing the chance that they will collide with each other while moving swiftly. In extreme cases, the last pair of legs may be twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a
 <a alt="Telson" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Telson">
 telson
 </a>
 and includes the openings of the reproductive organs (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 Worldwide, an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist (Adis et al., 2000) of which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, where they even reach beyond the Arctic Circle (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they are found in soil and leaf litter, under stones and dead wood, and inside logs. Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators, and often contribute significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems.
 </li>
</ul>

 
 References:
 


 Lloyd, John (2006).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/books">
 The Book of General Ignorance
 </a>
 . London: Bloomsbury House. p. 119.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0571273785" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/0571273785">
 0571273785
 </a>
 . Retrieved June 10, 2014.




 Arthur, W. (2002). “The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis”.
 <a alt="Heredity_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Heredity_%28journal%29">
 Heredity
 </a>
 .
 
 89
 
 (4): 239–246.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800139" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/10.1038%252Fsj.hdy.6800139">
 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12242638" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/12242638">
 12242638
 </a>
 .


 Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). “The centipede Strigamia maritima: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation”.
 <a alt="BioEssays" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/BioEssays">
 BioEssays
 </a>
 .
 
 27
 
 (6): 653–660.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20234">
 10.1002/bies.20234
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="15892117" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/15892117">
 15892117
 </a>


 Lewis, J. G. E. (2007).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/books">
 The Biology of Centipedes
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Cambridge_University_Press" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Cambridge_University_Press">
 Cambridge University Press
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-521-03411-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/978-0-521-03411-1">
 978-0-521-03411-1
 </a>
 .


 Adis, Joachim; Harvey, Mark S. (2000). “How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia?”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment.
 
 35
 
 (2): 139–141.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2F0165-0521%28200008%2935%3A2%3B1-9%3BFT139">
 10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139
 </a>


 Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–816.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-03-056747-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100676/0-03-056747-5">
 0-03-056747-5
 </a>
 .

Centipdes were identified in foldscope in soil sample

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100621" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100621" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Centipede (3)" class="size-medium wp-image-100621 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100621" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Centipede (3)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="249" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Centipede-3.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100621">
 Centipedes were observed in foldscope in soil samples.
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Centipedes
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Centipedes
 
 (from Latin prefix
 
 centi-
 
 , “hundred”, and
 
 pes, pedis
 
 ,
 
 “foot”
 
 ) are arthropods belonging to the class
 
 Chilopoda
 
 of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs (Lloyd et al., 2006; Arthur 2002; Arthur etal., 2005). Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage. Centipedes are predominantly carnivorous (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 Their size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs. Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments. They normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red. Cavernicolous (cave-dwelling) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation, and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of
 <a alt="Antenna_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Antenna_%28biology%29">
 antennae
 </a>
 at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated
 <a alt="Mandible_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Mandible_%28arthropod%29">
 mandibles
 </a>
 , and two pairs of
 <a alt="Maxilla_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Maxilla_%28arthropod%29">
 maxillae
 </a>
 . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip, and bear short
 <a alt="Palp" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Palp">
 palps
 </a>
 . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth. These limbs, or
 <a alt="Maxilliped" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Maxilliped">
 maxillipeds
 </a>
 , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
 <li>
 Behind the head, the body consists of 15 or more segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs, with the maxillipeds projecting forward from the first body segment, and the final two segments being small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair immediately in front of it, ensuring that they do not overlap, so reducing the chance that they will collide with each other while moving swiftly. In extreme cases, the last pair of legs may be twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a
 <a alt="Telson" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Telson">
 telson
 </a>
 and includes the openings of the reproductive organs (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 Worldwide, an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist (Adis et al., 2000) of which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, where they even reach beyond the Arctic Circle (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they are found in soil and leaf litter, under stones and dead wood, and inside logs. Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators, and often contribute significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems.
 </li>
</ul>

 
 References:
 


 Lloyd, John (2006).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/books">
 The Book of General Ignorance
 </a>
 . London: Bloomsbury House. p. 119.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0571273785" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/0571273785">
 0571273785
 </a>
 . Retrieved June 10, 2014.




 Arthur, W. (2002). “The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis”.
 <a alt="Heredity_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Heredity_%28journal%29">
 Heredity
 </a>
 .
 
 89
 
 (4): 239–246.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800139" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/10.1038%252Fsj.hdy.6800139">
 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12242638" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/12242638">
 12242638
 </a>
 .


 Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). “The centipede Strigamia maritima: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation”.
 <a alt="BioEssays" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/BioEssays">
 BioEssays
 </a>
 .
 
 27
 
 (6): 653–660.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20234">
 10.1002/bies.20234
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="15892117" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/15892117">
 15892117
 </a>


 Lewis, J. G. E. (2007).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/books">
 The Biology of Centipedes
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Cambridge_University_Press" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Cambridge_University_Press">
 Cambridge University Press
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-521-03411-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/978-0-521-03411-1">
 978-0-521-03411-1
 </a>
 .


 Adis, Joachim; Harvey, Mark S. (2000). “How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia?”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment.
 
 35
 
 (2): 139–141.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2F0165-0521%28200008%2935%3A2%3B1-9%3BFT139">
 10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139
 </a>


 Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–816.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-03-056747-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100687/0-03-056747-5">
 0-03-056747-5
 </a>
 .

Centipedes was observed by using foldscope as a tool in soil sample

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100612" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100612" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Centipede (2)" class="size-medium wp-image-100612 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100612" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Centipede (2)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="112" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Centipede-2.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100612">
 Centipede in the soil observed and identified using foldscope
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Centipedes
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Centipedes
 
 (from Latin prefix
 
 centi-
 
 , “hundred”, and
 
 pes, pedis
 
 ,
 
 “foot”
 
 ) are arthropods belonging to the class
 
 Chilopoda
 
 of the subphylum Myriapoda, an arthropod group which also includes Millipedes and other multi-legged creatures.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes are elongated metameric creatures with one pair of legs per body segment. Centipedes are known to be highly venomous, and often inject paralyzing venom. Despite the name, centipedes can have a varying number of legs, ranging from 30 to 354. Centipedes always have an odd number of pairs of legs (Lloyd et al., 2006; Arthur 2002; Arthur etal., 2005). Therefore, no centipede has exactly 100 legs. A key trait uniting this group is a pair of venom claws or forcipules formed from a modified first appendage. Centipedes are predominantly carnivorous (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 Their size can range from a few millimetres in the smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs to about 30 cm (12 in) in the largest scolopendromorphs. Centipedes can be found in a wide variety of environments. They normally have a drab coloration combining shades of brown and red. Cavernicolous (cave-dwelling) and subterranean species may lack pigmentation, and many tropical scolopendromorphs have bright aposematic colours.
 </li>
 <li>
 Centipedes have a rounded or flattened head, bearing a pair of
 <a alt="Antenna_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Antenna_%28biology%29">
 antennae
 </a>
 at the forward margin. They have a pair of elongated
 <a alt="Mandible_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Mandible_%28arthropod%29">
 mandibles
 </a>
 , and two pairs of
 <a alt="Maxilla_(arthropod)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Maxilla_%28arthropod%29">
 maxillae
 </a>
 . The first pair of maxillae form the lower lip, and bear short
 <a alt="Palp" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Palp">
 palps
 </a>
 . The first pair of limbs stretch forward from the body to cover the remainder of the mouth. These limbs, or
 <a alt="Maxilliped" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Maxilliped">
 maxillipeds
 </a>
 , end in sharp claws and include venom glands that help the animal to kill or paralyze its prey (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
 <li>
 Behind the head, the body consists of 15 or more segments. Most of the segments bear a single pair of legs, with the maxillipeds projecting forward from the first body segment, and the final two segments being small and legless. Each pair of legs is slightly longer than the pair immediately in front of it, ensuring that they do not overlap, so reducing the chance that they will collide with each other while moving swiftly. In extreme cases, the last pair of legs may be twice the length of the first pair. The final segment bears a
 <a alt="Telson" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Telson">
 telson
 </a>
 and includes the openings of the reproductive organs (Barnes 1982)
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 Worldwide, an estimated 8,000 species of centipedes are thought to exist (Adis et al., 2000) of which 3,000 have been described. Centipedes have a wide geographical range, where they even reach beyond the Arctic Circle (Lewis 2007).
 </li>
 <li>
 They are found in an array of terrestrial habitats from tropical rainforests to deserts. Within these habitats, centipedes require a moist microhabitat because they lack the waxy cuticle of insects and arachnids, therefore causing them to rapidly lose water. Accordingly, they are found in soil and leaf litter, under stones and dead wood, and inside logs. Centipedes are among the largest terrestrial invertebrate predators, and often contribute significantly to the invertebrate predatory biomass in terrestrial ecosystems.
 </li>
</ul>

 
 References:
 


 Lloyd, John (2006).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/books">
 The Book of General Ignorance
 </a>
 . London: Bloomsbury House. p. 119.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0571273785" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/0571273785">
 0571273785
 </a>
 . Retrieved June 10, 2014.




 Arthur, W. (2002). “The interaction between developmental bias and natural selection from centipede segmentation to a general hypothesis”.
 <a alt="Heredity_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Heredity_%28journal%29">
 Heredity
 </a>
 .
 
 89
 
 (4): 239–246.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800139" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/10.1038%252Fsj.hdy.6800139">
 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12242638" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/12242638">
 12242638
 </a>
 .


 Arthur, Wallace; Chapman, Ariel D. (2005). “The centipede Strigamia maritima: what it can tell us about development and evolution of segmentation”.
 <a alt="BioEssays" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/BioEssays">
 BioEssays
 </a>
 .
 
 27
 
 (6): 653–660.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20234">
 10.1002/bies.20234
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="15892117" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/15892117">
 15892117
 </a>


 Lewis, J. G. E. (2007).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/books">
 The Biology of Centipedes
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Cambridge_University_Press" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Cambridge_University_Press">
 Cambridge University Press
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-521-03411-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/978-0-521-03411-1">
 978-0-521-03411-1
 </a>
 .


 Adis, Joachim; Harvey, Mark S. (2000). “How many Arachnida and Myriapoda are there worldwide and in Amazonia?”. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment.
 
 35
 
 (2): 139–141.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2F0165-0521%28200008%2935%3A2%3B1-9%3BFT139">
 10.1076/0165-0521(200008)35:2;1-9;FT139
 </a>


 Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–816.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-03-056747-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100694/0-03-056747-5">
 0-03-056747-5
 </a>
 .

Centipedes are identified in foldscope in soil sample

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100649" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100649" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Springtail" class="size-medium wp-image-100649 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100649" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail" data-recalc-dims="1" height="179" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Springtail.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100649">
 Springtail was seen in soil sample by using the foldscope.
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100697/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100647" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100647" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Springtail (5)" class="size-medium wp-image-100647 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100647" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (5)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="181" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Springtail-5.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100647">
 Springtails observed in soil samples through foldscope
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
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 PDF
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 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
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 (5639): 1482.
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 doi
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 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
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 PMID
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 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
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 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
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 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
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 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
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 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100705/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using the foldscope

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100645" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100645" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Springtail (4)" class="size-medium wp-image-100645 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100645" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (4)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="185" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Springtail-4.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100645">
 Springtails were identified in soil sample through foldscope
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100711/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtails were observed in soil sample through foldscope

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100641" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100641" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Springtail (3)" class="size-medium wp-image-100641 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100641" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (3)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="265" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Springtail-3.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100641">
 Springtails were identified in soil sample by using foldscope tool
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100713/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtails observed and identified using foldscope in soil sample

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-100639" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_100639" style="width: 300px">
 <img alt="Springtail (2)" class="size-medium wp-image-100639 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100639" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (2)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="182" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100716/Springtail-2.jpg" width="300"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-100639">
 Springtails (Collembola) was observed in the foldscope in soil sample
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
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 </a>

Sanasam Sanjeev

Earth

Posts

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using the foldscope

Springtails were observed in soil sample through foldscope

Springtails observed and identified using foldscope in soil sample

Springtails were identified in soil samples using foldscope

Centipede was observed and identified by using the foldscope in soil sample

Centipedes observed and identified through foldscope in soil sample

Centipdes were identified in foldscope in soil sample

Centipedes was observed by using foldscope as a tool in soil sample

Centipedes are identified in foldscope in soil sample

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using the foldscope

Springtails were observed in soil sample through foldscope

Springtails observed and identified using foldscope in soil sample

Springtails were identified in soil samples using foldscope

Centipede was observed and identified by using the foldscope in soil sample

Centipedes observed and identified through foldscope in soil sample

Centipdes were identified in foldscope in soil sample

Centipedes was observed by using foldscope as a tool in soil sample

Centipedes are identified in foldscope in soil sample

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using the foldscope

Springtails were observed in soil sample through foldscope

Springtails observed and identified using foldscope in soil sample

Springtails were identified in soil samples using foldscope

Locations

Statistics

Type of Sample

Foldscope Lens Magnification