samriti dhawan

Tomatoes which were accidentally left out in the kitchen at room temperature for two days showed a cottony growth. On fixing the sample on a slide and observing under a foldscope, branching pattern of hyphae resembling that of
 
 Rhizopus stolonifer
 
 was observed        (ref.
 <a alt="Postharvest_Disorders.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106016/Postharvest_Disorders.pdf">
 ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/Postharvest_Disorders.pdf)
 </a>


 <a alt="Postharvest_Disorders.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106016/Postharvest_Disorders.pdf">
 </a>


 R.
 
 stolonifer
 
 can cause soft rot on soft fruits. Ripe fruits are most susceptible to
 
 R. stolonifer.
 
 On tomatoes, Rhizopus rot appears as:

<ul>
 <li>
 Water-soaked lesions that may exude some liquid
 </li>
 <li>
 Lesion surface covered with thin, cotton-like fungal structures
 </li>
 <li>
 Mycelium initially formed a mattress of branched and aseptate hyphae
 </li>
 <li>
 Dark sporulation may crown the white tuft of
 
 Rhizopus
 
 </li>
</ul>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-43-47" class="wp-image-106036 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106036" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106036" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-43-47" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106036" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106016/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-43-47.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

 
 Rhizopus stolonifer
 
 grows primarily as mycelia, which consists of long filamentous cells, or hyphae, that lack cross walls, known as septa. Lack of septa and multinuleate is a condition named as coenocytic condition.


 
 
 Dr. Samriti Dhawan &amp; Dr. Jasveen Dua, GGDSD College, Chandigarh

Soft rot of tomatoes

Rhizopus
 
 
 forms long unbranched hyphae called sporangiophores that produce sporangia in an upright fashion once the somatic hyphae have spread considerably. The sporangia at the tips of these upright hyphae are bulbous structures. Branching structures, called rhizoids, anchor the fungus into the substrate, releasing digestive enzymes and absorbing nutrients for the fungus.


 The mycelial mat of Rhizopus was stained with LCB and observed using foldscope.

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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-56-13" class="wp-image-106060 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106060" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106060" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-56-13" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106060" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-56-13.jpg"/>
 </figure>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-55-40" class="wp-image-106059 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106059" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106059" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-55-40" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106059" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-55-40.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-54-29" class="wp-image-106058 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106058" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106058" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-54-29" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106058" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-54-29.jpg"/>
 <figcaption>
 Sporangium
 </figcaption>
 </figure>
 </li>
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 <figure>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-53-14" class="wp-image-106057 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106057" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106057" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-53-14" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106057" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-53-14.jpg"/>
 <figcaption>
 Sporangium
 </figcaption>
 </figure>
 </li>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-53-02" class="wp-image-106056 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106056" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106056" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-53-02" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106056" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-53-02.jpg"/>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-52-34" class="wp-image-106055 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106055" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106055" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-52-34" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106055" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-52-34.jpg"/>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-52-22" class="wp-image-106054 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106054" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106054" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-52-22" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106054" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-52-22.jpg"/>
 </figure>
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 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-47-58" class="wp-image-106053 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106053" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106053" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-47-58" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106053" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-47-58.jpg"/>
 <figcaption>
 Mycelial mat
 </figcaption>
 </figure>
 </li>
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 <figure>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-46-42" class="wp-image-106052 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="106052" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="106052" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-46-42" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=106052" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_106044/PHOTO-2018-12-18-10-46-42.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

 
 
 Dr. Samriti Dhawan &amp; Dr. Jasveen Dua, GGDSD College, Chandigarh

Mycelial mattress of Rhizopus stained with LCB

Botanical name
 
 –
 
 
 Phaseolus. lunatus
 


 
 
 Family
 
 – Fabaceae
 


 
 
 Collection site
 
 
 – Sec-64, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali)


 
 
 Habitat –
 
 
 fast-growing annual herbaceous vine, that becomes
weed in the wild. It rapidly colonizes degraded areas and nearby vegetation
forming dense thickets in forests, along trails, riverbanks, or fences. The seeds are edible
as green or in dry form. Beans are valuable in inter-cropping systems and are
important nitrogen fixing systems.


 
 
 Habit
 
 
 – herbaceous vine – a twiner

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 <img alt="2" class="wp-image-110333 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="110333" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="110333" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=110333" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_110327/2-29.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

 
 
 Stem
 
 
 – pentagonal or cylindrical, puberulent


 
 
 Leaves
 
 
 –  alternate,
trifoliolate, leaflets with upper surface dark green, dull, glabrous, prominent
venation; lower surface pale green or glaucous, glabrous


 
 
 Inflorescence
 
 
 – racemes with off white flowers in groups
of 2 per node of the inflorescence;


 
 
 Flower
 
 
 –  white, irregular


 
 
 Calyx
 
 
 – green, campanulate, odd sepal anterior


 
 
 Corolla
 
 
 – white, papillioaceous corolla


 
 
 Stamens
 
 
 – 10, diadelphous


 
 
 Ovary –
 
 
 elongated, bearing uncinate hairs.


 
 
 Fruit
 
 
 – an oblong-flattened pod (in the form of a half-moon). The pods are shelled to separate the  seeds which are reniform and flattened


 
 
 Foldscope description
 
 
 – When the different parts were seen under a foldscope, anther lobes with mass of pollen, that were oblong . in shape with striations;  trichomes were seen on the leaflets

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 <img alt="5" class="wp-image-110358 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="110358" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="110358" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=110358" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_110327/5-21.jpg"/>
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 <img alt="A.jpg" class="wp-image-110363 gcloudimg" data-id="110363" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=110363" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_110327/A.jpg"/>
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 <img alt="" class="wp-image-110364" data-id="110364" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=110364" src="https://i2.wp.com/microcosmos.foldscope.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/B.jpg?fit=611%2C1024&amp;ssl=1"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

 
 Dr. Samriti Dhawan &amp; Dr. Jasveen Dua, GGDSD College, Chandigarh

Wild plants of Chandigarh &#8211; Specimen 3 (Lima bean )

Variable shapes of slender pointed trichomes were seen in leaves of lima bean (
 
 Phaseolus lunatus)
 
 epidermal peel under foldscope.

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 <img alt="5" class="wp-image-110374 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="110374" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="110374" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=110374" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_110369/5-20.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="6" class="wp-image-110375 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="110375" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="110375" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=110375" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_110369/6-20.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

Trichomes under foldscope

Powdery masses of green and yellow spores were seen on bruised surface of Amla ( Phyllanthus emblica). On consulting literature, it was evident that due to rough handling during long distance transportation and storage, the injured fruits are susceptible to fungal infections. The common microflora responsible for the post-harvest losses of fruits usually belong to
 
 Aspergillus
 
 or
 
 Penicillium
 
 species.

<figure class="wp-block-image">
 <img alt="1" class="wp-image-113898 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113898" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546526004","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/1-7.jpg"/>
 <figcaption>
 
 
 Patches of blue and yellow moldy growth
 
 
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 In the infected amlas, two different coloured colonies were seen – blue on the cut surface and yellow slightly below. Another important peculiarity was seen in the texture of spores as seen under foldscope. The bluish colonies exhibited dense mass of small spores, while in case of yellow colonies elongated structures were seen. Are these young hyphae emerged from spores or are these chains of conidia ? To have closer look, I magnified the structures and could see chains of spores.  However, stalks or conidiophores could not be marked out.

<ul class="wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/microcosmos.foldscope.com\/?p=113897"}'>
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 <figure>
 <img alt="2" class="wp-image-113899 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113899" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113899" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546526379","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="2" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113899" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/2-9.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="3" class="wp-image-113900 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113900" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113900" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546526595","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="3" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113900" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/3-6.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="4" class="wp-image-113901 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113901" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113901" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546526659","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1250","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="4" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113901" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/4-6.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="5" class="wp-image-113902 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113902" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113902" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546527070","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"2000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="5" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113902" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/5-3.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="6" class="wp-image-113903 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113903" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113903" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546527114","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1250","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="6" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113903" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/6-3.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="7" class="wp-image-113904 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113904" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113904" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546527153","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="7" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113904" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/7-1.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="8" class="wp-image-113905 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113905" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113905" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546527335","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1250","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="8" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113905" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/8-3.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="10" class="wp-image-113906 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113906" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113906" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546527759","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1250","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="10" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113906" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/10-1.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

 
 
 The above images are from samples drawn from bluish colonies
 
 

<ul class="wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/microcosmos.foldscope.com\/?p=113897"}'>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A" class="wp-image-113941 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113941" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113941" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528254","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1600","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113941" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A-2.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A1" class="wp-image-113942 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113942" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113942" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528060","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A1" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113942" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A1-2.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A2" class="wp-image-113943 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113943" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113943" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528078","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A2" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113943" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A2-1.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A3" class="wp-image-113944 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113944" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113944" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528109","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A3" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113944" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A3-1.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A4" class="wp-image-113945 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113945" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113945" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528297","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1250","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A4" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113945" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A4.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A5" class="wp-image-113946 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113946" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113946" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528358","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A5" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113946" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A5.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A6" class="wp-image-113947 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113947" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113947" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528420","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1600","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="A6" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113947" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A6.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A7" class="wp-image-113948 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113948" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113948" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="A7" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113948" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A7.png"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A8" class="wp-image-113949 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113949" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113949" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528059","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="A8" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113949" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A8.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A9" class="wp-image-113951 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113951" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113951" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528337","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="A9" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113951" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A9.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A10" class="wp-image-113952 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113952" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113952" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528351","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="A10" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113952" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A10.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="A11" class="wp-image-113953 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="113953" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="113953" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1546528358","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="A11" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=113953" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_113897/A11.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

 
 
 These images are from samples drawn from yellow colonies

Blue and yellow moldy growth on Amla

In
 
 Stellaria media
 
 , the common chickweed several hairy appendages were seen on the surface of stem and sepals. These were fixed on a slide and observed under foldscope to study their structure.


 It was amazing to see that these were
 
 glandular trichomes
 
 consisting of a
 
 stalk
 
 that was either unicellular &amp; uniseriate, unicellular and multi-seriate or multicellular &amp; multi-seriate and small in some cases and quite long in others. The stalk supported a knob-like
 
 secretory head
 
 . The head probably has the ability to secrete some metabolites and aids in defense.  Observing several different kinds of trichomes on the same plant was a treat to the eyes.

<ul class="wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/microcosmos.foldscope.com\/?p=124986"}'>
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 <figure>
 <img alt="t1" class="wp-image-124987 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124987" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124987" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t1" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124987" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t1.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t2" class="wp-image-124988 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124988" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124988" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t2" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124988" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t2.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t3" class="wp-image-124989 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124989" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124989" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t3" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124989" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t3.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t4" class="wp-image-124990 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124990" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124990" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t4" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124990" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t4.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t5" class="wp-image-124991 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124991" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124991" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t5" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124991" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t5.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t6" class="wp-image-124992 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124992" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124992" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t6" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124992" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t6.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t7" class="wp-image-124993 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124993" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124993" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t7" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124993" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t7.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t8" class="wp-image-124994 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124994" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124994" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t8" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124994" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t8.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="t9" class="wp-image-124995 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="124995" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="124995" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="t9" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=124995" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_124986/t9.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

Glandular Trichomes of Stellaria under foldscope

Leaves of
 
 Nyctanthes
 
 commonly called Haar singhar are rough and glabrous and of great medicinal importance. Lower epidermal peel was fixed and pointed trichomes were seen under foldscope.

<ul class="wp-block-gallery columns-4 is-cropped" data-carousel-extra='{"blog_id":1,"permalink":"https:\/\/microcosmos.foldscope.com\/?p=128566"}'>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="1" class="wp-image-128584 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="128584" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="128584" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=128584" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_128566/1-14.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="2" class="wp-image-128585 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="128585" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="128585" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=128585" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_128566/2-12.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="3" class="wp-image-128586 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="128586" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="128586" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=128586" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_128566/3-11.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
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Trichomes of Nyctanthes leaf seen under foldscope

Plants have several defense mechanisms against abiotic and biotic stress. Leaf trichomes are uni-cellular or multi-cellular hairs that can be glandular or non-glandular and are believed to protect plants against herbivory and drought. Leaf trichomes production insome plants increases tolerance to drought.


 Radish leaves also develop trichomes that were seen under foldscope and were found to be of pointed and non-glandular type with base surrounded by small cells and embedded within mesophyll cells.

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Trichomes on radish leaves under foldscope

I and my friend Divya had purchased apples from a mart and one of the apples was rotten. Learning foldscopy is amazing, as you try it everywhere. We tried to peep through a foldscope to see the microbes that had caused it.


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 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9761-rotting-apple-under-foldscope" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

samriti dhawan

Earth

Posts

Glandular Trichomes of Stellaria under foldscope

Trichomes of Nyctanthes leaf seen under foldscope

Trichomes on radish leaves under foldscope

Rotting apple under foldscope

Soft rot of tomatoes

Mycelial mattress of Rhizopus stained with LCB

Wild plants of Chandigarh – Specimen 3 (Lima bean )

Trichomes under foldscope

Blue and yellow moldy growth on Amla

Glandular Trichomes of Stellaria under foldscope

Trichomes of Nyctanthes leaf seen under foldscope

Trichomes on radish leaves under foldscope

Rotting apple under foldscope

Soft rot of tomatoes

Mycelial mattress of Rhizopus stained with LCB

Wild plants of Chandigarh – Specimen 3 (Lima bean )

Trichomes under foldscope

Blue and yellow moldy growth on Amla

Glandular Trichomes of Stellaria under foldscope

Trichomes of Nyctanthes leaf seen under foldscope

Trichomes on radish leaves under foldscope

Rotting apple under foldscope

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Foldscope Lens Magnification