Indira Sonar

<img alt="Barklice (2)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100754 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100754" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Barklice (2)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="236" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Barklice-2.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Barklice
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Psocoptera
 
 are an
 <a alt="Order_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Order_%28biology%29">
 order
 </a>
 of
 <a alt="Insect" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Insect">
 insects
 </a>
 that are commonly known as
 
 booklice
 
 ,
 
 barklice
 
 or
 
 barkflies
 
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_note-1">
 
 [1]
 
 </a>
 They first appeared in the
 <a alt="Permian" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Permian">
 Permian
 </a>
 period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the
 <a alt="Paraneoptera" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Paraneoptera">
 hemipteroids
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_note-2">
 
 [2]
 
 </a>
 Their name originates from the
 <a alt="Greek_language" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Greek_language">
 Greek
 </a>
 word ψῶχος,
 
 psokhos
 
 meaning
 <a alt="gnawed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/gnawed">
 gnawed
 </a>
 or
 <a alt="rubbed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/rubbed">
 rubbed
 </a>
 and π τ ε ρ ά,
 
 ptera
 
 meaning
 <a alt="Insect_wing" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Insect_wing">
 wings
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_note-3">
 
 [3]
 
 </a>
 There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_note-4">
 
 [4]
 
 </a>
 They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old
 <a alt="Book" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Book">
 books
 </a>
 —they feed upon the paste used in
 <a alt="Bookbinding" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Bookbinding">
 binding
 </a>
 . The barklice are found on trees, harmlessly feeding on algae and
 <a alt="Lichen" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Lichen">
 lichen
 </a>
 . No member of this order is currently considered
 <a alt="Endangered_species" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Endangered_species">
 endangered
 </a>
 ; in fact, in 2007,
 
 Atlantopsocus adustus
 
 , a species native to Madeira and the Canary Islands, was found to have colonized the mild
 <a alt="Cornwall" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Cornwall">
 Cornish coast
 </a>
 of southwest England.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_note-5">
 
 [5]
 
 </a>
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature.
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
 <a alt="Viviparous" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Viviparous">
 viviparous
 </a>
 . The young are born as miniature, wingless versions of the adult. These
 <a alt="Nymph_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Nymph_%28biology%29">
 nymphs
 </a>
 typically molt six times before reaching full adulthood. The total lifespan of a psocid is rarely more than a few months.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-IIBD-11" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_note-IIBD-11">
 [6]
 </a>
 </li>
</ul>

 Reference

<ol>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-1">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="introduction.htm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/introduction.htm">
 
 “National Barkfly (Outdoor Psocoptera) Recording Scheme”
 
 </a>
 . www.brc.ac.uk.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-2">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Christopher O’Toole (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Toronto: Firefly Books.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 
 ISBN
 
 </a>
 <a alt="1-55297-612-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/1-55297-612-2">
 
 1-55297-612-2
 
 </a>
 .
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-3">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 John R. Meyer (5 March 2005).
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/psocop~1.html">
 
 “Psocoptera”
 
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="North_Carolina_State_University" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/North_Carolina_State_University">
 
 North Carolina State University
 
 </a>
 . Archived from
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/psocop~1.html">
 
 the original
 
 </a>
 on 5 February 2007.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-4">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Alfonso N. García Aldrete (2006).
 <a alt="zt01319p014.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/zt01319p014.pdf">
 
 “New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae)”
 
 </a>
 
 (PDF)
 
 .
 <a alt="Zootaxa" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Zootaxa">
 Zootaxa
 </a>
 .
 
 1319
 
 : 1–14.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-5">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="7085704.stm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/7085704.stm">
 BBC News, “New insect species arrives in UK”
 </a>
 8 November 2007
 </li>
 <li>
 Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. &amp; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
 
 Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
 
 . Oxford University Press. pp. 404–406.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-19-510033-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100734/0-19-510033-6">
 0-19-510033-6
 </a>
 </li>
</ol>

Barklice were observed in soil samples using foldscope

<img alt="Barklice (3)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100768 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100768" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Barklice (3)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="226" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Barklice-3.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Barklice
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Psocoptera
 
 are an
 <a alt="Order_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Order_%28biology%29">
 order
 </a>
 of
 <a alt="Insect" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Insect">
 insects
 </a>
 that are commonly known as
 
 booklice
 
 ,
 
 barklice
 
 or
 
 barkflies
 
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_note-1">
 
 [1]
 
 </a>
 They first appeared in the
 <a alt="Permian" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Permian">
 Permian
 </a>
 period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the
 <a alt="Paraneoptera" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Paraneoptera">
 hemipteroids
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_note-2">
 
 [2]
 
 </a>
 Their name originates from the
 <a alt="Greek_language" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Greek_language">
 Greek
 </a>
 word ψῶχος,
 
 psokhos
 
 meaning
 <a alt="gnawed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/gnawed">
 gnawed
 </a>
 or
 <a alt="rubbed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/rubbed">
 rubbed
 </a>
 and π τ ε ρ ά,
 
 ptera
 
 meaning
 <a alt="Insect_wing" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Insect_wing">
 wings
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_note-3">
 
 [3]
 
 </a>
 There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_note-4">
 
 [4]
 
 </a>
 They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old
 <a alt="Book" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Book">
 books
 </a>
 —they feed upon the paste used in
 <a alt="Bookbinding" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Bookbinding">
 binding
 </a>
 . The barklice are found on trees, harmlessly feeding on algae and
 <a alt="Lichen" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Lichen">
 lichen
 </a>
 . No member of this order is currently considered
 <a alt="Endangered_species" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Endangered_species">
 endangered
 </a>
 ; in fact, in 2007,
 
 Atlantopsocus adustus
 
 , a species native to Madeira and the Canary Islands, was found to have colonized the mild
 <a alt="Cornwall" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Cornwall">
 Cornish coast
 </a>
 of southwest England.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_note-5">
 
 [5]
 
 </a>
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature.
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
 <a alt="Viviparous" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Viviparous">
 viviparous
 </a>
 . The young are born as miniature, wingless versions of the adult. These
 <a alt="Nymph_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Nymph_%28biology%29">
 nymphs
 </a>
 typically molt six times before reaching full adulthood. The total lifespan of a psocid is rarely more than a few months.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-IIBD-11" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_note-IIBD-11">
 [6]
 </a>
 </li>
</ul>

 Reference

<ol>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-1">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="introduction.htm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/introduction.htm">
 
 “National Barkfly (Outdoor Psocoptera) Recording Scheme”
 
 </a>
 . www.brc.ac.uk.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-2">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Christopher O’Toole (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Toronto: Firefly Books.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 
 ISBN
 
 </a>
 <a alt="1-55297-612-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/1-55297-612-2">
 
 1-55297-612-2
 
 </a>
 .
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-3">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 John R. Meyer (5 March 2005).
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/psocop~1.html">
 
 “Psocoptera”
 
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="North_Carolina_State_University" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/North_Carolina_State_University">
 
 North Carolina State University
 
 </a>
 . Archived from
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/psocop~1.html">
 
 the original
 
 </a>
 on 5 February 2007.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-4">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Alfonso N. García Aldrete (2006).
 <a alt="zt01319p014.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/zt01319p014.pdf">
 
 “New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae)”
 
 </a>
 
 (PDF)
 
 .
 <a alt="Zootaxa" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Zootaxa">
 Zootaxa
 </a>
 .
 
 1319
 
 : 1–14.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-5">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="7085704.stm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/7085704.stm">
 BBC News, “New insect species arrives in UK”
 </a>
 8 November 2007
 </li>
 <li>
 Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. &amp; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
 
 Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
 
 . Oxford University Press. pp. 404–406.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-19-510033-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100758/0-19-510033-6">
 0-19-510033-6
 </a>
 </li>
</ol>

Barklice was seen in soil samples by using the foldscope

<img alt="Barklice (4)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100773 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100773" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Barklice (4)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="260" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Barklice-4.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Barklice
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Psocoptera
 
 are an
 <a alt="Order_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Order_%28biology%29">
 order
 </a>
 of
 <a alt="Insect" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Insect">
 insects
 </a>
 that are commonly known as
 
 booklice
 
 ,
 
 barklice
 
 or
 
 barkflies
 
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_note-1">
 
 [1]
 
 </a>
 They first appeared in the
 <a alt="Permian" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Permian">
 Permian
 </a>
 period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the
 <a alt="Paraneoptera" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Paraneoptera">
 hemipteroids
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_note-2">
 
 [2]
 
 </a>
 Their name originates from the
 <a alt="Greek_language" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Greek_language">
 Greek
 </a>
 word ψῶχος,
 
 psokhos
 
 meaning
 <a alt="gnawed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/gnawed">
 gnawed
 </a>
 or
 <a alt="rubbed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/rubbed">
 rubbed
 </a>
 and π τ ε ρ ά,
 
 ptera
 
 meaning
 <a alt="Insect_wing" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Insect_wing">
 wings
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_note-3">
 
 [3]
 
 </a>
 There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_note-4">
 
 [4]
 
 </a>
 They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old
 <a alt="Book" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Book">
 books
 </a>
 —they feed upon the paste used in
 <a alt="Bookbinding" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Bookbinding">
 binding
 </a>
 . The barklice are found on trees, harmlessly feeding on algae and
 <a alt="Lichen" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Lichen">
 lichen
 </a>
 . No member of this order is currently considered
 <a alt="Endangered_species" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Endangered_species">
 endangered
 </a>
 ; in fact, in 2007,
 
 Atlantopsocus adustus
 
 , a species native to Madeira and the Canary Islands, was found to have colonized the mild
 <a alt="Cornwall" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Cornwall">
 Cornish coast
 </a>
 of southwest England.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_note-5">
 
 [5]
 
 </a>
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature.
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
 <a alt="Viviparous" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Viviparous">
 viviparous
 </a>
 . The young are born as miniature, wingless versions of the adult. These
 <a alt="Nymph_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Nymph_%28biology%29">
 nymphs
 </a>
 typically molt six times before reaching full adulthood. The total lifespan of a psocid is rarely more than a few months.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-IIBD-11" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_note-IIBD-11">
 [6]
 </a>
 </li>
</ul>

 Reference

<ol>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-1">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="introduction.htm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/introduction.htm">
 
 “National Barkfly (Outdoor Psocoptera) Recording Scheme”
 
 </a>
 . www.brc.ac.uk.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-2">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Christopher O’Toole (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Toronto: Firefly Books.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 
 ISBN
 
 </a>
 <a alt="1-55297-612-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/1-55297-612-2">
 
 1-55297-612-2
 
 </a>
 .
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-3">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 John R. Meyer (5 March 2005).
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/psocop~1.html">
 
 “Psocoptera”
 
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="North_Carolina_State_University" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/North_Carolina_State_University">
 
 North Carolina State University
 
 </a>
 . Archived from
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/psocop~1.html">
 
 the original
 
 </a>
 on 5 February 2007.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-4">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Alfonso N. García Aldrete (2006).
 <a alt="zt01319p014.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/zt01319p014.pdf">
 
 “New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae)”
 
 </a>
 
 (PDF)
 
 .
 <a alt="Zootaxa" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Zootaxa">
 Zootaxa
 </a>
 .
 
 1319
 
 : 1–14.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-5">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="7085704.stm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/7085704.stm">
 BBC News, “New insect species arrives in UK”
 </a>
 8 November 2007
 </li>
 <li>
 Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. &amp; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
 
 Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
 
 . Oxford University Press. pp. 404–406.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-19-510033-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100772/0-19-510033-6">
 0-19-510033-6
 </a>
 </li>
</ol>

Barklice observed and identified using foldscope in soil samples

<img alt="Barklice (5)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100778 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100778" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Barklice (5)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="260" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Barklice-5.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Barklice
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Psocoptera
 
 are an
 <a alt="Order_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Order_%28biology%29">
 order
 </a>
 of
 <a alt="Insect" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Insect">
 insects
 </a>
 that are commonly known as
 
 booklice
 
 ,
 
 barklice
 
 or
 
 barkflies
 
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_note-1">
 
 [1]
 
 </a>
 They first appeared in the
 <a alt="Permian" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Permian">
 Permian
 </a>
 period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the
 <a alt="Paraneoptera" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Paraneoptera">
 hemipteroids
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_note-2">
 
 [2]
 
 </a>
 Their name originates from the
 <a alt="Greek_language" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Greek_language">
 Greek
 </a>
 word ψῶχος,
 
 psokhos
 
 meaning
 <a alt="gnawed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/gnawed">
 gnawed
 </a>
 or
 <a alt="rubbed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/rubbed">
 rubbed
 </a>
 and π τ ε ρ ά,
 
 ptera
 
 meaning
 <a alt="Insect_wing" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Insect_wing">
 wings
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_note-3">
 
 [3]
 
 </a>
 There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_note-4">
 
 [4]
 
 </a>
 They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old
 <a alt="Book" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Book">
 books
 </a>
 —they feed upon the paste used in
 <a alt="Bookbinding" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Bookbinding">
 binding
 </a>
 . The barklice are found on trees, harmlessly feeding on algae and
 <a alt="Lichen" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Lichen">
 lichen
 </a>
 . No member of this order is currently considered
 <a alt="Endangered_species" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Endangered_species">
 endangered
 </a>
 ; in fact, in 2007,
 
 Atlantopsocus adustus
 
 , a species native to Madeira and the Canary Islands, was found to have colonized the mild
 <a alt="Cornwall" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Cornwall">
 Cornish coast
 </a>
 of southwest England.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_note-5">
 
 [5]
 
 </a>
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature.
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
 <a alt="Viviparous" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Viviparous">
 viviparous
 </a>
 . The young are born as miniature, wingless versions of the adult. These
 <a alt="Nymph_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Nymph_%28biology%29">
 nymphs
 </a>
 typically molt six times before reaching full adulthood. The total lifespan of a psocid is rarely more than a few months.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-IIBD-11" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_note-IIBD-11">
 [6]
 </a>
 </li>
</ul>

 Reference

<ol>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-1">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="introduction.htm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/introduction.htm">
 
 “National Barkfly (Outdoor Psocoptera) Recording Scheme”
 
 </a>
 . www.brc.ac.uk.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-2">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Christopher O’Toole (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Toronto: Firefly Books.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 
 ISBN
 
 </a>
 <a alt="1-55297-612-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/1-55297-612-2">
 
 1-55297-612-2
 
 </a>
 .
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-3">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 John R. Meyer (5 March 2005).
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/psocop~1.html">
 
 “Psocoptera”
 
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="North_Carolina_State_University" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/North_Carolina_State_University">
 
 North Carolina State University
 
 </a>
 . Archived from
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/psocop~1.html">
 
 the original
 
 </a>
 on 5 February 2007.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-4">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Alfonso N. García Aldrete (2006).
 <a alt="zt01319p014.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/zt01319p014.pdf">
 
 “New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae)”
 
 </a>
 
 (PDF)
 
 .
 <a alt="Zootaxa" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Zootaxa">
 Zootaxa
 </a>
 .
 
 1319
 
 : 1–14.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-5">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="7085704.stm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/7085704.stm">
 BBC News, “New insect species arrives in UK”
 </a>
 8 November 2007
 </li>
 <li>
 Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. &amp; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
 
 Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
 
 . Oxford University Press. pp. 404–406.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-19-510033-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100777/0-19-510033-6">
 0-19-510033-6
 </a>
 </li>
</ol>

Barklice was identified in soil samples using foldscope

<img alt="Barklice" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100786 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100786" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Barklice" data-recalc-dims="1" height="230" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Barklice-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Barklice
 

<ul>
 <li>
 
 Psocoptera
 
 are an
 <a alt="Order_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Order_%28biology%29">
 order
 </a>
 of
 <a alt="Insect" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Insect">
 insects
 </a>
 that are commonly known as
 
 booklice
 
 ,
 
 barklice
 
 or
 
 barkflies
 
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_note-1">
 
 [1]
 
 </a>
 They first appeared in the
 <a alt="Permian" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Permian">
 Permian
 </a>
 period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the
 <a alt="Paraneoptera" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Paraneoptera">
 hemipteroids
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_note-2">
 
 [2]
 
 </a>
 Their name originates from the
 <a alt="Greek_language" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Greek_language">
 Greek
 </a>
 word ψῶχος,
 
 psokhos
 
 meaning
 <a alt="gnawed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/gnawed">
 gnawed
 </a>
 or
 <a alt="rubbed" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/rubbed">
 rubbed
 </a>
 and π τ ε ρ ά,
 
 ptera
 
 meaning
 <a alt="Insect_wing" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Insect_wing">
 wings
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_note-3">
 
 [3]
 
 </a>
 There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_note-4">
 
 [4]
 
 </a>
 They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.
 </li>
</ul>


<ul>
 <li>
 The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old
 <a alt="Book" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Book">
 books
 </a>
 —they feed upon the paste used in
 <a alt="Bookbinding" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Bookbinding">
 binding
 </a>
 . The barklice are found on trees, harmlessly feeding on algae and
 <a alt="Lichen" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Lichen">
 lichen
 </a>
 . No member of this order is currently considered
 <a alt="Endangered_species" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Endangered_species">
 endangered
 </a>
 ; in fact, in 2007,
 
 Atlantopsocus adustus
 
 , a species native to Madeira and the Canary Islands, was found to have colonized the mild
 <a alt="Cornwall" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Cornwall">
 Cornish coast
 </a>
 of southwest England.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_note-5">
 
 [5]
 
 </a>
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed primarily on fungi, algae, lichen, and organic detritus in nature.
 </li>
 <li>
 Psocids lay their eggs in minute crevices or on foliage, although a few species are known to be
 <a alt="Viviparous" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Viviparous">
 viviparous
 </a>
 . The young are born as miniature, wingless versions of the adult. These
 <a alt="Nymph_(biology)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Nymph_%28biology%29">
 nymphs
 </a>
 typically molt six times before reaching full adulthood. The total lifespan of a psocid is rarely more than a few months.
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_note-IIBD-11" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_note-IIBD-11">
 [6]
 </a>
 </li>
</ul>

 Reference

<ol>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-1" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-1">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="introduction.htm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/introduction.htm">
 
 “National Barkfly (Outdoor Psocoptera) Recording Scheme”
 
 </a>
 . www.brc.ac.uk.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-2">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Christopher O’Toole (2002). Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders. Toronto: Firefly Books.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 
 ISBN
 
 </a>
 <a alt="1-55297-612-2" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/1-55297-612-2">
 
 1-55297-612-2
 
 </a>
 .
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-3" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-3">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 John R. Meyer (5 March 2005).
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/psocop~1.html">
 
 “Psocoptera”
 
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="North_Carolina_State_University" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/North_Carolina_State_University">
 
 North Carolina State University
 
 </a>
 . Archived from
 <a alt="psocop~1.html" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/psocop~1.html">
 
 the original
 
 </a>
 on 5 February 2007.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-4" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-4">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 Alfonso N. García Aldrete (2006).
 <a alt="zt01319p014.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/zt01319p014.pdf">
 
 “New genera of Psocoptera (Insecta), from Mexico, Belize and Ecuador (Psoquillidae, Ptiloneuridae, Lachesillidae)”
 
 </a>
 
 (PDF)
 
 .
 <a alt="Zootaxa" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Zootaxa">
 Zootaxa
 </a>
 .
 
 1319
 
 : 1–14.
 </li>
 <li>
 <a alt="Psocoptera#cite_ref-5" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/Psocoptera%23cite_ref-5">
 
 ^
 
 </a>
 <a alt="7085704.stm" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/7085704.stm">
 BBC News, “New insect species arrives in UK”
 </a>
 8 November 2007
 </li>
 <li>
 Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. &amp; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
 
 Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
 
 . Oxford University Press. pp. 404–406.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="0-19-510033-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100783/0-19-510033-6">
 0-19-510033-6
 </a>
 </li>
</ol>

Barklice was identified in foldscope in soil samples

<img alt="Springtail (2)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100791 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100791" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (2)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="191" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Springtail-2-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100789/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtail was identified in soil samples using foldscope

<img alt="Springtail (3)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100804 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100804" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (3)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="194" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Springtail-3-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100801/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using foldscope

<img alt="Springtail (4)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100810 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100810" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail (4)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="182" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Springtail-4-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100808/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtail was seen under the foldscope in soil samples

<img alt="springtail (5)" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100814 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100814" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="springtail (5)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="184" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/springtail-5.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
 <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/301/5639/1482d.pdf">
 “Comment on Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 301
 
 (5639): 1482.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1086558">
 10.1126/science.1086558
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12970547" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/12970547">
 12970547
 </a>
 .




 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
 <a alt="Nardi-03.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Nardi-03.pdf">
 “Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic?”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Science_(journal)" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Science_%28journal%29">
 Science
 </a>
 .
 
 299
 
 (5614): 1887–1889.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078607">
 10.1126/science.1078607
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="12649480" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/12649480">
 12649480
 </a>
 .


 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="19267625" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/19267625">
 19267625
 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
 Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
 </a>
 .
 
 38
 
 (1): 100–116.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
 </a>
 .
 <a alt="PubMed_Identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/PubMed_Identifier">
 PMID
 </a>
 <a alt="16290034" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/16290034">
 16290034
 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Quarterly_Journal_of_Microscopical_Science">
 Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
 </a>
 .
 
 71
 
 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ).
 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Portable_Document_Format">
 PDF
 </a>
 ). Geoderma.
 
 49
 
 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
 </a>
 :
 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
 .




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100813/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

<img alt="Springtail" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-100821 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="100821" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Springtail" data-recalc-dims="1" height="181" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Springtail-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Collembola
 

<ul>
 <li>
 The word “Collembola” is from the ancient Greek κόλλα
 
 kólla
 
 “glue” and ἔμβολος
 
 émbolos
 
 “peg”; this name was given due to the existence of the collophore, which was previously thought to stick to surfaces in order to stabilize the creature.
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Springtails
 
 (
 
 Collembola
 
 ) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura). Although the three orders are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they all are to insects, which have external mouthparts
 </li>
 <li>
 Members of Collembola are normally less than 6 mm (0.24 in) long, have six or fewer abdominal segments and possess a tubular appendage (the collophore or ventral tube) with eversible sticky vesicles, projecting ventrally from the first abdominal segment. Collembola lack a tracheal respiration system, which forces them to respire through a porous cuticle, with the notable exception of Sminthuridae which exhibit a rudimentary, although fully functional, tracheal system (Davies et al., 1927).
 </li>
 <li>
 Collembolans are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter (Brady et al., 2009) and the control of soil microbial communities (Thimm et al., 1998).
 </li>
 <li>
 Some DNA sequence studies (Delsuc et al., 2003; Nardi et al., 2003) suggest that Collembola represent a separate evolutionary line from the other Hexapoda, but others disagree (Gao et al., 2008) this seems to be caused by widely divergent patterns of molecular evolution among the arthropods (Hassanin et al., 2006).
 </li>
 <li>
 The adjustments of traditional taxonomic rank for springtails reflects the occasional incompatibility of traditional groupings with modern cladistics: when they were included with the insects, they were ranked as an order; as part of the Entognatha, they are ranked as a subclass. If they are considered a basal lineage of Hexapoda, they are elevated to full class status.
 </li>
 <li>
 Springtails commonly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but also have been found to consume plant material and pollen, animal remains, colloidal materials, minerals and bacteria(Chen et al., 1996). Springtails are cryptozoa frequently found in leaf litter and other decaying material (Hopkin et al., 1997) where they are primarily detritivores and microbivores, and one of the main biological agents responsible for the control and the dissemination of soil microorganisms (Ponge et al., 1991). In a mature deciduous woodland in temperate climate, leaf litter and vegetation typically support 30 to 40 species of springtails, and in the tropics the number may be over 100 (Hopkin et al., 1997).
 </li>
</ul>



 
 References:
 


 Delsuc, Frédéric; Phillips, Matthew J. &amp; Penny, David (2003).
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 Nardi, Francesco; Spinsanti, Giacomo; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Carapelli, Antonio; Dallai, Romano &amp; Frati, Francesco (2003).
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 Gao, Yan; Bu, Yun &amp; Luan, Yun-Xia (2008).
 <a alt="31595.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/31595.pdf">
 “Phylogenetic relationships of basal hexapods reconstructed from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences”
 </a>
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 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Portable_Document_Format">
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 <a alt="Zoological_Science" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Zoological_Science">
 Zoological Science
 </a>
 .
 
 25
 
 (11): 1139–1145.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Digital_object_identifier">
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 </a>
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 <a href="https://doi.org/10.2108%2Fzsj.25.1139">
 10.2108/zsj.25.1139
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 </a>


 Hassanin, Alexandre (2006).
 <a href="http://www.csulb.edu/~dlunderw/entomology/Arthropodphylogeny2006.pdf">
 “Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution”
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 <a alt="Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution">
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 </a>
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 </a>
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 <a alt="10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.09.012" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/10.1016%252Fj.ympev.2005.09.012">
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 </a>
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 </a>


 Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927).
 <a href="http://jcs.biologists.org/content/joces/s2-71/281/15.full.pdf">
 “On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Portable_Document_Format">
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 </a>
 .
 
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 (281): 15–30.


 Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. &amp; Snider, Renate M. (1996).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280136843">
 “Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest”
 </a>
 (
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 </a>
 ). Pedobiologia.
 
 40
 
 (2): 149–161.




 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/35feat_springtails_most_abundent-3056.pdf">
 “The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world”
 </a>
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 <a alt="Natural_History_Museum,_London" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London">
 Natural History Museum
 </a>
 . Retrieved January 2, 2016.


 Ponge, Jean-François (1991).
 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47537958">
 “Food resources and diets of soil animals in a small area of Scots pine litter”
 </a>
 (
 <a alt="Portable_Document_Format" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Portable_Document_Format">
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 (1–2): 33–62.
 <a alt="Digital_object_identifier" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/Digital_object_identifier">
 doi
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 <a alt="10.1016%2F0016-7061%2891%2990090-G" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/10.1016%252F0016-7061%252891%252990090-G">
 10.1016/0016-7061(91)90090-G
 </a>
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 Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997).
 <a alt="books" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/books">
 Biology of the Springtails: (Insecta: Collembola)
 </a>
 . OUP Oxford. p. 127.
 <a alt="International_Standard_Book_Number" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/International_Standard_Book_Number">
 ISBN
 </a>
 <a alt="978-0-19-158925-6" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_100817/978-0-19-158925-6">
 978-0-19-158925-6
 </a>

Indira Sonar

Earth

Posts

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using foldscope

Springtail was seen under the foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was observed in soil samples using foldscope

Barklice were observed in soil samples using foldscope

Barklice was seen in soil samples by using the foldscope

Barklice observed and identified using foldscope in soil samples

Barklice was identified in soil samples using foldscope

Barklice was identified in foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified in soil samples using foldscope

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using foldscope

Springtail was seen under the foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was observed in soil samples using foldscope

Barklice were observed in soil samples using foldscope

Barklice was seen in soil samples by using the foldscope

Barklice observed and identified using foldscope in soil samples

Barklice was identified in soil samples using foldscope

Barklice was identified in foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified in soil samples using foldscope

Springtail was identified in soil samples by using foldscope

Springtail was seen under the foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was identified using foldscope in soil samples

Springtail was observed in soil samples using foldscope

Locations

Statistics

Type of Sample

Foldscope Lens Magnification