Kathleen Mulligan

<img alt="Fern" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11810 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11810" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Fern" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern.png" width="225"/>
 <img alt="Fern Under" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11809 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11809" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Fern Under" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern-Under.png" width="225"/>


 Did you know fern’s have these hard, nob-like structures all over the underside of their leaves?  We didn’t either.  In an effort to find something interesting to observe with the Foldscope on the Princeton campus, our group of three was looking at every leaf, rotten banana, and dead critter we could find.  As we passed by the row of fern’s lining the side of Whitman dining hall, we grabbed at
 
 one
 
 and were surprised and intrigued to feel something unexpected on the underside of the leaf.  This perfect combination of mystery and ecological relevance  was a must-see under the Foldscope!


 <img alt="Fern spores" class="wp-image-11808 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11808" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Fern spores" data-recalc-dims="1" height="223" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern-spores.png" width="297"/>
 <img alt="fern leaf" class="wp-image-11937 alignnone gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11937" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="fern leaf" data-recalc-dims="1" height="219" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/fern-leaf.png" width="292"/>


 
 It turns out that what we were observing were the structures that encase spores. Our TA informed us that these spores are involved in the reproduction of the plant. A closer look under the Foldscope showed that each cluster contained many smaller units. After a quick search on Encyclopedia Britannica we learned that the larger clusters are called sori (singular: sorus) and the smaller units seen under the Foldscope are called sporangia. The sporangia are the spore-producing structures, each containing multiple spores. There are tons of sori on each individual leaflet, forming a dense pattern on either side of the leaf stalk, and each seem to contain many tiny sporangia.
 


 
 We had many questions about fern spores. Why are there so many of them? Is a fern less apt to survive if it is deficient in these structures? What advantages are there to reproducing with spores instead of seeds? How does having spores affect their dispersal compared to other plants? The most amazing thing about the spores is how incredibly abundant they are on each fern.  Every single leaf of every single fern was completely covered (we checked).  Another interesting thing about these plants is that the spores are found exclusively on the bottom/underside of the leaf.  Why are they all on the underside? How did this evolve?  We would be curious to find out about the specific mechanisms by which these structures operate in fern plants.  None of us had ever observed a plant with spores before, and the ability to see it under the Foldscope was really fascinating.
 


 We were very excited to be able to observe something different and unusual at the macroscopic level, and take that curiosity even further with the Foldscope to the microscopic level.  The three of us are all big on plants and botany, so it was a real treat to see the spores and other plants up close on our very own Princeton campus.


 <a alt="Fern-Foldscope-2.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern-Foldscope-2.jpg">
 <img alt="Fern Foldscope 2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11806 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11806" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Fern Foldscope 2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern-Foldscope-2.jpg" width="300"/>
 </a>
 <a alt="Fern-Foldscope-1.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern-Foldscope-1.jpg">
 <img alt="Fern Foldscope 1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11807 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11807" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Fern Foldscope 1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Fern-Foldscope-1.jpg" width="300"/>
 </a>


 As a bonus, here are some of the other really interesting pictures we took from around campus!


 <a alt="Feather.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Feather.jpg">
 <img alt="Feather" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11805 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11805" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Feather" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Feather.jpg" width="271"/>
 </a>


 
 An unidentified bird feather. We were very interested in the vanes, which appeared to be fractals. We wondered to what microscopic extent they would hold the the same kind of pattern!
 


 <a alt="Banana.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Banana.jpg">
 <img alt="Banana" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11804 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11804" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Banana" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Banana.jpg" width="300"/>
 </a>


 
 This image is of some small chunks of the inside peel of a rotten banana we found nearby. Gross? Maybe, but it was for science! What level of decomposition was this in? What causes the more rotten areas to darken?
 


 <a alt="Leaf1.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Leaf1.jpg">
 <img alt="Leaf" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11803 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11803" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Leaf" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Leaf1.jpg" width="225"/>
 </a>


 
 One of our first successful images captured using the Foldscope. This leaf was found near some other ones on the same bush that were growing some sort of red fungal infection – was there anything about this leaf in particular that was making it less vulnerable, or had it just not spread to this leaf yet?
 


 <a alt="Holly.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Holly.jpg">
 <img alt="Holly" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-11802 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="11802" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Holly" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_11801/Holly.jpg" width="225"/>
 </a>


 
 The inside of a crushed berry we collected from a tree outside the Lewis Science Library. Are those bubble-looking objects trapped air in our prepared slides, or are they from the berry itself? What accounts for all of the color variation that gives this image its water-color quality?
 


 Jonathan, Justine and I conducted this project as part of Professor Pringle’s EEB321 class at Princeton University.

Kathleen Mulligan

Earth

Posts

Winter specimens at Princeton

Locations

Statistics

Type of Sample

Foldscope Lens Magnification