Mihyun Choi

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 We got a white flower from a tree on Stanford campus. Its petal and anther were imaged using the Foldscope. All photos were taken with a Samsung Galaxy S8. The scale bar was obtained by imaging a caliper set to 0.2mm, obtaining the distance between the calipers on the image, then creating a 100um scale bar that is half that distance. The size of the field of view was calibrated to the caliper photo’s field of view.

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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.09.54" class="wp-image-148476 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148476" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.09.54" data-recalc-dims="1" height="634" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.09.54-1.png" width="578"/>
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 This is a picture of the petal. To the naked eye, the petals look like there aren’t any patterns on them. However, under the Foldscope, we could see the petal veins. Also, there were a few pollen particles on them shown in yellow.

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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.10.28" class="wp-image-148477 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148477" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.10.28" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.10.28-1.png"/>
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 This is an image of the anther under the Foldscope. The anther is the pollen-bearing body of the flower. Less light passes through the anther compared to the petal, meaning that it is relatively compact. There are small hair-like extensions on the anther.

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 <img alt="20190509_192020" class="wp-image-148572 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148572" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.7","credit":"","camera":"SM-G950U","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1557429620","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.25","iso":"80","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="20190509_192020" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/20190509_192020-1.jpg"/>
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 A bigger white flower was also examined. From this flower, the petal and the bottom of the flower, where the ovaries and ovules reside in the pistil, were studied.

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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.22.20" class="wp-image-148575 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148575" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.22.20" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.22.20.png"/>
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 Under the Foldscope, the granules in this petal was finer than the smaller flower before, even tho the flower itself was bigger. They have a shiny crystal-like visual.

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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.21.12" class="wp-image-148577 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148577" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.21.12" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.21.12.png"/>
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 The pistil was of a similar density as the anther. It was very liquidy. No finer pattern was on the surface of the pistil.

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 <img alt="60340291_370068473611518_89017122809708544_n" class="wp-image-148555 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148555" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="60340291_370068473611518_89017122809708544_n" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/60340291_370068473611518_89017122809708544_n.jpg"/>
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 <img alt="20190509_190915" class="wp-image-148504 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148504" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.7","credit":"","camera":"SM-G950U","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1557428955","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.25","iso":"125","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="20190509_190915" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/20190509_190915-1.jpg"/>
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 We also collected a petal from a bigger pink flower to see if there is a difference in the microstructure based on the color.

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 <img alt="20190509_190740" class="wp-image-148507 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148507" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.7","credit":"","camera":"SM-G950U","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1557428860","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.25","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.035714285714286","title":"","orientation":"1"}' data-image-title="20190509_190740" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/20190509_190740-1.jpg"/>
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 We could visualize the microstructures of the petal using the Foldscope. It had an organization to it where there were circular subunits, which could be pigments or cells.

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 <img alt="60139330_1016476585209672_2973349165452492800_n" class="wp-image-148557 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148557" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="60139330_1016476585209672_2973349165452492800_n" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/60139330_1016476585209672_2973349165452492800_n.jpg"/>
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 We also found red berries on a small tree. A berry was collected, cut in half, and pressed against the glass slide, so that the skin is facing upward.

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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.14.39" class="wp-image-148559 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148559" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.14.39" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148359/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.14.39.png"/>
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 It was harder to focus on this globular structure, but the skin had small irregular microstructures in them. We think it looks like the sun.


 Please let us know if you can identify the species of any of the above.

The flowerful foldscope: Flowers and Fruit on Stanford Campus

We observed various types of leaves we could find on campus using the Foldscope. Pictures were taken with the Samsung Galaxy S8. The scale bar was obtained by imaging a caliper set to 0.2mm, obtaining the distance between the calipers on the image, then creating a 100um scale bar that is half that distance. The size of the field of view was calibrated to the caliper photo’s field of view.

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 We picked up a brown leaf, but observing the leaf macroscopically (left), there are shades of green. We decided that it would be interesting to see if this green pigment was cell specific; we wanted to see if cells were green, brown, or both. Using the foldscope (left), we can see the cell patterning of the leaf. Interestingly, there are spots of red and green within each cell! Some parasitic plants may contain red pigment, because they do not photosynthesize, meaning that they don’t need green chlorophyll. Carotenoids and anthocyanins may provide yellow, orange, red, or purple coloring shown in this leaf.
 



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 We stumbled upon another leaf that had an interesting edge pattern (left). This leaf had ridges that looked like it’d poke you, but observing the edges closer (center), we see that they are actually rounded. Indeed, when touching the leaf, it doesn’t actually poke you, and it feels soft! Looking at the edge, we noticed an interesting clear branching vein pattern. Looking towards the center of the leaf (right), we could see that these veins are laid throughout the entire leaf.
 



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 Outside of the building in which we work, we found a tree that had semi-pointy leaves. These leaves are characteristic to conifers. Through the fold scope, we found that there weren’t many veins that we found on the other leaves which we might expect. Given their slender nature, perhaps they do not need as an extensive branching network as a normal leaf.
 



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 Next, we observed a leaf with white hairs (center) and a flower bud (right). The leaf is interesting, because there were silvery/white hairs, which can even be seen microscopically. The flower bud has bright green areas with a dark green center.
 



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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.24.31" class="wp-image-148690 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148690" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="148690" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.24.31" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=148690" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148658/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.24.31-1.png"/>
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 <img alt="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.25.10" class="wp-image-148692 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="148692" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="148692" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="스크린샷 2019-05-09 오후 9.25.10" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=148692" data-recalc-dims="1" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_148658/%E1%84%89%E1%85%B3%E1%84%8F%E1%85%B3%E1%84%85%E1%85%B5%E1%86%AB%E1%84%89%E1%85%A3%E1%86%BA-2019-05-09-%E1%84%8B%E1%85%A9%E1%84%92%E1%85%AE-9.25.10-1.png"/>
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 Our last two leaves had interesting vein patterns. In the middle, we can see narrow clear veins, while on the right, there are veins that end in the middle of the chlorophyll segments. We put these two images side by side, because microscopically, we see a simple leaf with veins, but through the foldscope, we see that they actually have different vein patterns!


 We strongly encourage you to go outside and see if you can find/identify these leaves we have shown!

Mihyun Choi

Earth

Posts

The flowerful foldscope: Flowers and Fruit on Stanford Campus

I can’t be-leaf it!!! A survey of the leaves on Stanford campus

Locations

Statistics

Type of Sample

Foldscope Lens Magnification