Gagandeep Singh

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 Foldscope reveals the mystery of nature in a very unique way. The pollen of Indian wild bean when seen through foldscope appeared like pearls to me. I was reminded of my childhood when my sister and i would fight with each other for pearl necklace that my grandma had given her.


 Similar type of pearl shaped pollen mesmerized me today. Thanks Manu sir.

Pearls or pollen

Some fibers got loose from my sister’s teddy when it was washed. I stained them in beet juice and mounted them on a slide to see under foldscope. The fibers were quite clear and distinct.

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Fibers of soft toy under foldscope

Commonly known as
 
 Railroad creeper or Ivy-leaved Morning Glory
 


 
 
 Botanical name
 
 –
 
 
 Ipomoea cairica
 


 
 
 Family
 
 – Convolvulaceae
 
 (Morning Glory Family)


 
 
 Collection site
 
 
 – Sec-64, S.A.S Nagar (Mohali)


 
 
 Habitat –
 
 
 fast-growing perennial herbaceous vine, that
becomes weed in the wild. It rapidly colonizes the nearby trees, poles and nearby
vegetation by creeeping


 
 
 Habit
 
 
 – herbaceous perennial vine – a creeper

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 Ipomoea vine
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 <figcaption>
 4-valved capsule split open
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 Stem
 
 
 – thin, twining and trailing


 
 
 Leaves
 
 
 –  palmately cut to the base into 5 lobes, ovate to orbicular in
outline


 
 
 Inflorescence
 
 
 – flowers in groups of 1 to several per node


 
 
 Flower
 
 
 –  mauve,
infundibuliform shaped, with deciduous bracts and bracteoles


 
 
 Calyx
 
 
 – green, ovate, campanulate


 
 
 Corolla
 
 
 – purple or white with a pinkish or purplish base
 
 
 
 


 
 
 Stamens
 
 
 – 5, included, length unequal, anthers prominently pointed at tips


 
 
 Pistil –
 
 
 simple style, bilobed stigma with papilla-like structures


 
 
 Fruit
 
 
 – 4-valved capsule with hairy seeds


 
 
 Foldscope description
 
 
 – When the different parts were seen under a foldscope, anther lobes with mass of pollen with well developed exine and pointed ornamentation; stigma showed pappilose structures

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 Unequal filaments of stamens
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 Bifid stigma with papilla-like sructures
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 <img alt="A6" class="wp-image-119537 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="119537" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="119537" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="A6" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=119537" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_119531/A6-3.jpg"/>
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 Magnified view of stigma
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Wild plants of Chandigarh &#8211; Specimen 4 (Railroad creeper)

I am a commerce graduate. Seeing my friends (from GGDSD @ Chandigarh peeping through this binocular like thing called Foldscope, I made an attempt at fixing an ant from the kitchen shelf and viewing the creature.


 It was my first attempt and I was amazed how a folding paper can give you an insight into tiny creatures


 <img alt="1" class="size-medium wp-image-42994 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42994" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529593078","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1600","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/1-12.jpg" width="300"/>


 Part of the ant viewed under foldscope

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 .
 <img alt="3 &amp;#8211; Front region" class="size-medium wp-image-42999 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42999" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529592662","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="3 – Front region" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/3-Front-region.jpg" width="300"/>


 Front region


 <img alt="4 &amp;#8211;" class="size-medium wp-image-43000 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43000" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529592728","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="4 –" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/4-middle-region.jpg" width="300"/>


 Middle region


 <img alt="5 &amp;#8211; back end" class="size-medium wp-image-43001 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43001" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529592697","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="5 – back end" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/5-back-end.jpg" width="300"/>


 End region


 <img alt="6 &amp;#8211; Front legs" class="size-medium wp-image-43006 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43006" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529592828","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="6 – Front legs" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/6-Front-legs.jpg" width="300"/>


 Front legs


 <img alt="7 Eye and front leg magnified" class="size-medium wp-image-43011 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43011" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529592953","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="7 Eye and front leg magnified" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/7-Eye-and-front-leg-magnified-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 Eye and front leg magnified


 <img alt="8 Hind legs" class="size-medium wp-image-43012 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43012" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529593058","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="8 Hind legs" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42993/8-Hind-legs-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 Hind legs


 Hats off to the person or team who made Foldscope.


 Gagandeep

An ant to begin with

My sister has the habit of nail biting. I took a chip of her nail to look under the foldscope.  I was confused to see the type of cells. Was it deposition of keratin or something else? To have a clear view, I stained it with safranine.


 I am sure after looking at these pictures she is going to leave this habit.


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43602 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43602" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/1-15.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43603 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43603" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/2-15.jpg" width="195"/>
 <img alt="3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43604 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43604" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/3-17.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43605 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43605" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/4-16.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43606 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43606" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/5-12.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43607 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43607" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/6-13.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="fold" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-43612 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43612" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529946611","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"500","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="fold" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/fold.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="10" class="alignnone wp-image-43611 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43611" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/10-3.jpg" width="300"/>


 <img alt="8" class="alignnone wp-image-43609 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43609" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/8-6.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="9" class="alignnone wp-image-43610 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="43610" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="9" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_43601/9-4.jpg" width="300"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9117-a-chipped-human-nail" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

A chipped human nail

Milk cream left out in open inadvertently during rainy season showed a moldy growth. When seen under a foldscope, a network of aseptate hyphae could be figured. Some sporangiophores bearing sporangia were seen. Trying to go for its identification it was a black mold with white cottony hyphae. The sporangiophores were spherical in shape and in some columella was visible. Either filled or empty sporangia were seen. Another unique thing seen was spores released in a sac-like thing as whole. No stolons were visible. Branching in hyphae was also seen. So now whether it is
 
 Rhizopus
 
 or
 
 Mucor
 
 or
 
 Absidia
 
 —–I am not clear.


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-11-27" class="size-medium wp-image-46252 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46252" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-11-27" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-11-27.jpg" width="248"/>


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-07-56" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46253 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46253" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-07-56" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-07-56.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46254 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46254" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28_1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46255 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46255" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28_1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28_1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28_2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46256 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46256" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28_2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-28_2.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-57" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46257 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46257" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-57" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-08-57.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-16" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46258 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46258" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-16" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-16.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-43" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46259 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46259" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-43" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-43.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-43_1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-46260 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46260" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-43_1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/PHOTO-2018-07-06-15-09-43_1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="IMG_3283" class="alignnone wp-image-46261 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="46261" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1530870818","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="IMG_3283" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_46251/IMG_3283.jpg" width="225"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9197-moldy-growth-on-dairy-products" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Moldy growth on Dairy Products

I had gone for roasted corn cob (called
 
 Bhutta
 
 in my native language), when I landed on this foldscope adventure. Corn cobs are a delicacy in monsoons, however, before the vendor could roast it on charcoal fire, I noticed black
 
 moldy growth
 
 on the outer layer of the corn husk.


 <img alt="con 0" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47431 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47431" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 0" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-0.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con 0.1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47432 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47432" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 0.1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-0.1.jpg" width="225"/>


 Surprisingly, another fungal disease symptom – a
 
 rotting spot
 
 was also visible on the same husk. I took the unroasted cob and under the foldscope viewed the different types of fungi.


 <img alt="con00" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47422 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47422" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con00" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con00.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con 002" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47433 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47433" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 002" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-002.jpg" width="225"/>


 I think the moldy growth could be a saprophytic fungus feeding on dead plant material due to humid conditions in the rainy season.


 <img alt="con8" class="alignnone wp-image-47430 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47430" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con8.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con7" class="alignnone wp-image-47429 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47429" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con7.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="con1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47423 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47423" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47427 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47427" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con5.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="con4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47426 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47426" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con4.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47428 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47428" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con6.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 Both the types of fungi together
 


 But the conidiophores like structures were clearly noticed in the other ring spot on the cob covering.


 <img alt="con2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47424 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47424" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con2.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47425 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47425" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con3.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="con 10" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47434 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47434" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-10.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con 11" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47435 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47435" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 11" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-11.jpg" style="font-size: 1.8rem;line-height: 1.75" width="225"/>


 <img alt="con 12" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47436 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47436" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-12.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="con 13" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47421 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47421" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="con 13" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47410/con-13.jpg" width="225"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9210-fungal-growth-on-sheath-of-corn-cob" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Fungal growth on sheath of corn cob

I spotted a fallen diseased mango leaf under the mango tree growing in my neighborhood.


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47761 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47761" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/1-6.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47762 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47762" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/2-6.jpg" width="300"/>


 On performing foldscopy it was seen there were brown coloured necrotic patches, with yellowing of leaves around.


 <img alt="3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47763 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47763" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/3-5.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47764 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47764" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/4-3.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone wp-image-47765 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47765" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/5-3.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47766 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47766" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/6-3.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="7" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47767 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47767" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/7-4.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="8" class="alignnone wp-image-47768 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47768" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/8-4.jpg" width="225"/>


 On teasing the small brown spots, reddish circular spores of an unknown pathogen were seen.


 <img alt="9" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47769 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47769" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="9" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/9-4.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="10" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47770 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47770" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/10-4.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="11" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47771 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47771" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="11" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/11-4.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="12" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47772 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47772" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47759/12-4.jpg" width="300"/>




 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9216-diseased-mango-leaf" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Diseased mango leaf

Mouldy growth was seen in onion on peeling out the dry outer covering. On viewing through the foldscope the fungus was found to be black mould. Presence of sporangium on the sporangiophore/ conidiophore was clearly marked.


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-48584 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48584" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/1-14.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-48585 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48585" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/2-14.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="3" class="alignnone wp-image-48586 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48586" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/3-13.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-48587 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48587" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/4-10.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-48588 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48588" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/5-11.jpg" width="225"/>
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 <img alt="7" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-48590 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48590" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/7-11.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="8" class="alignnone wp-image-48598 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="48598" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_48554/8-13.jpg" width="213"/>


 Though, onion is known to possess insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal properties which are attributed to its sulphur containing compounds. Such an important vegetable crop is prone to several post-harvest losses due to diseases like bacterial rots, smut,neck rots,
 
 etc
 
 . which in turn reduce the shelf-life of onions.Black mould,rots and blue mould are the predominant ones which lead to storage issues in retail and wholesale market.


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9220-black-mould-on-onion" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Black mould on Onion

I bought a green coconut for relishing its water, but landed up throwing in dustbin as blue mold had grown on its top.The coconut had rotten either in storage or due to prevailing rainy weather.


 Took a cello tape and fixed the mold on a slide to observe it under a foldscope. I could see a dense mat of hyphae and chains of conidia hanging out on conidiophores.




 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-25-40" class="alignnone wp-image-49978 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="49978" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-25-40" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_49960/PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-25-40-1.jpg" width="175"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-24-13-32-02" class="alignnone wp-image-49962 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="49962" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-24-13-32-02" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_49960/PHOTO-2018-07-24-13-32-02.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-16-09" class="alignnone wp-image-49966 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="49966" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-16-09" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_49960/PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-16-09.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-15-34" class="alignnone wp-image-49964 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="49964" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-15-34" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_49960/PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-15-34.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-16-29" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-49967 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="49967" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-16-29" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_49960/PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-16-29.jpg" width="225"/>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-22-59" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-49975 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="49975" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-22-59" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_49960/PHOTO-2018-07-24-15-22-59.jpg" width="225"/>
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 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9249-blue-mold-on-rotting-coconut" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Blue mold on rotting coconut

A rotten mushroom in a pack of healthy button mushrooms seen under a foldscope showed moldy growth.


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51239 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51239" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/1-23.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51240 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51240" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/2-21.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51241 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51241" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/3-19.jpg" width="225"/>
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 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51243 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51243" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/5-16.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51244 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51244" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/6-16.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="7" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51245 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51245" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/7-15.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="8" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51246 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51246" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/8-17.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-07-28-21-05-02" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-51248 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="51248" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-07-28-21-05-02" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_51238/PHOTO-2018-07-28-21-05-02.jpg" width="225"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9275-moldy-growth-on-button-mushrooms" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Moldy growth on button mushrooms

Grey to black moldy growth was seen in red bell peppers obtained from market. Histo-pathological studies performed using a foldscope revealed :

<ul>
 <li>
 Profusely branched, septate mycelium
 </li>
 <li>
 Several pale-brown conidia observed on the tips of conidiophores
 </li>
 <li>
 Each conidium was multicellular and elliptical in shape
 </li>
 <li>
 On consulting the literature, the fungus was found to be
 
 Alternaria solani
 
 </li>
 <li>
 
 Alternaria
 
 is the most common cause of internal rot in
 
 Capsicum
 
 (bell peppers) that belongs to family Solanaceae
 </li>
</ul>

 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-46-58" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55648 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55648" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-46-58" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-46-58.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-47-43" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55649 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55649" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-47-43" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-47-43.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-48-00" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55650 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55650" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-48-00" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-48-00.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-48-59" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55651 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55651" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-48-59" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-48-59.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-49-51" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55652 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55652" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-49-51" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-49-51.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-50-35" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55654 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55654" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-50-35" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-50-35.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-50-04" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-55653 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55653" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-50-04" data-recalc-dims="1" height="268" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/PHOTO-2018-08-16-19-50-04.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="IMG_4905" class="alignnone wp-image-55655 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="55655" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="IMG_4905" data-recalc-dims="1" height="219" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_55647/IMG_4905.jpg" width="300"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9313-histopathological-studies-of-rot-disease-in-red-bell-peppers" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Histopathological studies of Rot disease in red bell peppers

Garlic belongs to the onion family and has several health benefits. A garlic bulb consists of about a dozen compactly arranged storage leaves known as cloves.


 <img alt="G-1" class="size-medium wp-image-57866 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57866" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-1.jpg" width="225"/>


 A bulb is an underground structure comprised of thickened leaf bases. Each garlic clove is made up of just one leaf base, unlike onions, which are composed of numerous leaf layers. The commonly known garlic skins are protective garlic sheaths that don’t swell during the garlic cloves growth, but dry and form protective wrappers which promote the garlic’s bulb vegetative propagation.


 Each individual clove is covered with a fairly tough skin then all the cloves are covered with an outer skin or sheath. The number of cloves in the bulb varies depending on the cultivation, variation, the size, color, and the pungency.


 Dry sheath and inner epidermal peels taken out from a garlic clove were stained using natural dye and observed under a foldscope. Nucleus and stomata were clearly marked in inner peel cells, but lacked in outer sheath cells.


 <img alt="G-2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-57868 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57868" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-2.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="G-3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-57869 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57869" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-3.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="G-4" class="size-medium wp-image-57870 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57870" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-4.jpg" width="277"/>


 
 
 Cells from Inner epidermal peel of a garlic clove
 
 


 <img alt="G-6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-57872 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57872" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-6.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="G-5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-57871 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57871" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-5.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="G-7" class="size-medium wp-image-57867 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="57867" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="G-7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_57865/G-7.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 
 Cells from the outer dry skin (sheath) of a garlic clove
 
 


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9348-cells-from-garlic-peel" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Cells from Garlic peel

<h2>
 
 To study the Morphological and Anatomical features of Cycas
 
</h2>

 
 Morphological features of Cycas plant
 


 <img alt="0" class="size-medium wp-image-59433 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59433" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="0" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/0.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 
 Cycas
 
 
 is an evergreen gymnosperm grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. The plant body is a sporophyte differentiated into an underground root system, aerial and unbranched, erect stem with a crown of leaves on the top.


 Roots are of two types – Normal, primary tap root and symbiotic coralloid roots. Normal tap root is positively geotropic and grows deep into soil. Coralloid roots are negatively geotropic and appear as coralline masses above the soil surface.


 Leaves are large, pinnately compound bearing 80-100 pairs of leaflets (pinnae) arranged on a rachis. Each pinna is tough, leathery and sessile.


 
 Anatomical features of Cycas
 


 
 C.S of
 
 Cycas
 
 Leaflet
 


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59434 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59434" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1535805208","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59435 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59435" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/2.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="3" class="size-medium wp-image-59436 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59436" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/3.jpg" width="300"/>

<ul>
 <li>
 The C.S leaflet section shows a definite swollen midrib and narrow winged margins.
 </li>
 <li>
 Single layered upper epidermis with thick Cuticle
 </li>
 <li>
 Schlerenchymatous hypodermis that is multi-layered in midrib region
 </li>
 <li>
 Mesophyll differentiated into upper palisade layers and lower spongy cell layers
 </li>
 <li>
 Palisade cells are compactly arranged, while spongy parenchyma are loosely arranged with inter-cellular spaces
 </li>
 <li>
 Presence of elongated, thin walled transfusion tissue on either side of the centrally located vascular bundle is characteristic feature of
 
 Cycas
 
 leaflet
 </li>
 <li>
 Lower side has lower epidermis with sunken stomata
 </li>
 <li>
 A single vascular bundle is present in the midrib with parenchymatous bundle sheath
 </li>
 <li>
 V. B is conjoint, collateral, open and diploxylic with triangular patch of centripetal xylem and small groups of centrifugal xylem. Phloem is present towards the lower side
 </li>
</ul>

 
 T.S  of Coralloid Root
 


 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59438 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59438" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/4.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59439 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59439" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/5.jpg" width="225"/>

<ul>
 <li>
 Outermost single layered epidermis without cuticle
 </li>
 <li>
 Multi-layered parenchymatous cortex
 </li>
 <li>
 Cortex is differentiated into outer and inner cortex, between which is the middle algal zone
 </li>
 <li>
 Algal zone has radially elongated cells that have blue-green algae in them
 </li>
 <li>
 The stele is marked by a single layered endodermis, followed by few layered Pericycle within
 </li>
 <li>
 V. B are closed, radial and xylem is exarch and diarch to tetrarch
 </li>
</ul>

 
 T.S of
 
 Cycas
 
 leaf Rachis
 


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-01-13-02-08" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59440 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59440" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-01-13-02-08" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/PHOTO-2018-09-01-13-02-08.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="8" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59441 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59441" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/8.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="7" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-59442 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="59442" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_59432/7.jpg" width="225"/>

<ul>
 <li>
 It is rhomboidal, biconvex or roughly cylindrical in outline
 </li>
 <li>
 Two arms representing the bases of the leaflets are present on each side of rachis
 </li>
 <li>
 The outermost layer consists of epi­dermis which is heavily cuticularized
 </li>
 <li>
 Presence of chlorenchyma below the epidermis, followed by thick- walled schlrenchymatous region
 </li>
 <li>
 Ground tissue consisting of thin-walled paren­chymatous cells below the has many mucilaginous canals and vascular bundles.
 </li>
 <li>
 Each mucilaginous canal is a double-layered struc­ture having an inner layer of epithelial cells surrounded by an outer layer.
 </li>
 <li>
 Vascular bundles are arranged in omega (Ω) – shaped manner – which is the typical feature of
 
 Cycas
 
 rachis
 </li>
 <li>
 Each V.B is conjoint, collateral and open, and surroundeded by a bundle sheath. The xylem is diploxylic, i.e., consisting of centripetal and centrifugal xylem and present towards inner side with no vessels
 </li>
 <li>
 The vascular bundles show different structures at dif­ferent levels of rachis starting from the base to the tip with regard to their
 
 diploxylic
 
 nature
 </li>
 <li>
 Vascular Bundles at the apex of rachis have well developed centripetal xylem, while centrifugal xylem is much reduced and present in the form of two patches lying one on each side of the centripetal xylem
 </li>
</ul>

 
 
 Note: Foldscope is being used as a teaching tool in Practical classes @ GGDSD College, Chandigarh and tutorials have been developed for the respective classes

Foldscope as an Educational Tool : Tutorial -1

<img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-14-25" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-62834 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="62834" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-14-25" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_62833/PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-14-25.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-10-22" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-62835 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="62835" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-10-22" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_62833/PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-10-22.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-11-48" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-62837 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="62837" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-11-48" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_62833/PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-11-48.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-13-25" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-62838 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="62838" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-13-25" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_62833/PHOTO-2018-09-05-17-13-25.jpg" style="font-size: 1.8rem" width="225"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9407-class-practical-to-see-starch-grains-in-almonds" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Class practical to see Starch grains in almonds

My grandma  is  fond of gardening and has maintained a kitchen garden. Last weekend I visited her place and was helping her plucking green chillies and bottle gourd, when I noticed some powdery mass on the lower side of the brinjal leaves.


 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-02-54.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-02-54.jpg">
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-02-54" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-65189 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="65189" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-02-54" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-02-54.jpg" width="150"/>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-04-31" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-65190 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="65190" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-04-31" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-04-31.jpg" width="150"/>
 </a>
 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-05-12.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-05-12.jpg">
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-05-12" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-65191 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="65191" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-05-12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-05-12.jpg" width="150"/>
 </a>


 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-01.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-01.jpg">
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-01" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-65192 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="65192" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-01" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-01.jpg" width="150"/>
 </a>
 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-40.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-40.jpg">
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-40" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-65193 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="65193" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-40" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/PHOTO-2018-09-21-20-06-40.jpg" width="150"/>
 </a>


 I thought it was powdery mildew. I plucked a leaf to see how it looked under a foldscope……but was frightened ……I could see lots of thrips moving.   I immediately asked the gardener to spray an insecticide to stop it from spreading. I acknowledge the help of Mr. Keshu for editing and uploading  the file of moving thrips.


 <a alt="IMG_6224.TRIM_.mov" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/IMG_6224.TRIM_.mov">
 IMG_6224.TRIM
 </a>


 <a alt="IMG_6182.TRIM_.mov" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/IMG_6182.TRIM_.mov">
 IMG_6182.TRIM
 </a>


 <a alt="IMG_6228.TRIM_.mov" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_65188/IMG_6228.TRIM_.mov">
 IMG_6228.TRIM
 </a>

Thrips on brinjal leaf

Har singhaar or Night jasmine  belongs to family Oleaceae (Jasmine family)
 


 It was one of the plants observed on my visit to P.N Mehra Botanical garden at Panjab University, Chandigarh.


 It is a medicinal shrub or a small tree. The sweet scented flowers are small, attractive with white petals and an orange-red tube in center, opening at night and drop off in the morning, This is why it is called Night jasmine as the flowers open towards the evening to night and drop the next morning and the fallen flowers look like a decorative carpet. The branches bend down with the weight of the flowers and buds.


 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-20-49_1.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_70268/PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-20-49_1.jpg">
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-20-49_1" class="size-medium wp-image-70269 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="70269" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-20-49_1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_70268/PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-20-49_1.jpg" width="225"/>
 </a>


 Flowers are arranged at tips of branches terminally in clusters of 2-7. Calyx is green and campanulate.  Anthers lack filaments and are present in the orange-coloured corolla-tube. Fruit is flat, brown and heart cordate-shaped containing a single compressed seed.


 The pollen dusted out of the anthers were spherical in shape and seen to have smooth exine under a foldscope.


 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-22-25.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_70268/PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-22-25.jpg">
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 </a>


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 </a>


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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-24-24" class="wp-image-70272 size-medium aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="70272" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-24-24" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_70268/PHOTO-2018-10-07-15-24-24.jpg" width="300"/>
 </a>






 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9478-pollen-of-night-jasmine" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Pollen of Night Jasmine

<a alt="PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-35-14.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71760/PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-35-14.jpg">
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 </a>


 Transverse section of ovary of a wild mallow flower was sliced and observed under foldscope.




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 </a>
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 </a>
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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-39-00" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-71764 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="71764" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-39-00" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71760/PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-39-00.jpg" width="150"/>
 </a>


 The ovules with their outer integuments were clearly visible. The inner parenchymatous portion of the ovule was really amazing.


 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-40-09.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71760/PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-40-09.jpg">
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 </a>
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 </a>


 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-43-30.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71760/PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-43-30.jpg">
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 </a>
 <a alt="PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-45-35.jpg" class="gcloudimg" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71760/PHOTO-2018-10-13-19-45-35.jpg">
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 </a>


 The ovary wall was seen to have presence of protective hair on the outside.


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9509-sectioning-ovary-of-a-wild-mallow-flower" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Sectioning ovary of a wild mallow flower

The journey started at 5.00 in the morning from the gates of GGDSD College, Chandigarh on 17th October, 2018. The students were excited and full of enthusiasm all the way. We had started early so that we could catch a glimpse of the chirping birds. The distance of 50 Kms was covered in about 1 hour and 30 minutes. As we were approaching the Ropar wetlands, the rising sun could be spotted from the bridge.
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 </a>
 The glimpse was mesmerizing and the aroma of fragrant flowers was soothing our nerves. The driver parked the bus near the rest house and we got down with the hope of seeing the birds.


 We could see large number of trees and clusters of tall bamboos swaying with the morning winds. We started walking along the trail, could hear a little chirping sound of birds, but could not spot them. As we approached deep inside, the jungle became more denser and the vegetation highly moist with the early morning dew. The birds probably had flown away, a few ones that were spotted were the hill crow and the beautiful nightingales. But could not capture good images. However, we could see fallen nests and feathers of the birds proving their presence.

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 The wetlands had farmlands along the riverbanks on one side and forest on the other side. We could spot a few geese and ducks. The forests besides having bamboos also had Acacias and Gulmohar trees, abundantly growing Adhatoda, and Ipomoea species. Large tall wild grasses were also seen. Ageratum and Boerhavia wildly grew all over the ground. We did not go much deep into the forest as the guard had warned us of snakes. We were told that as the winters are approaching in this region, by the end of next month migratory birds from far off countries could be spotted. It was a calm and serene environment all over. But we being a large group of 50 probably had made the birds uncomfortable and they had gone in hiding. Another reason was that we were a bit late. The birds could be spotted at the early dawn time only.

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 We spent about an hour or so collecting the samples for foldcopy and then started further towards Science city, Kaputhala for our next halt with a hope of visiting the bird trail again.


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9525-bird-watching-at-wetlands" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Bird watching at wetlands

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 </a>


 It is flowering season for Chrysanthemums in my garden. Some white powder was spotted on the leaves. Under foldscope some pests could be seen on the undersurface of Leaves. Are these Aphids or mites? How can I control their spread and have my Chrysanthemums blooming ?


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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-10-30-16-57-39" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-76219 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="76219" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-10-30-16-57-39" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_76212/PHOTO-2018-10-30-16-57-39.jpg" width="150"/>
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 </a>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9593-pests-on-chrysanthemum-leaves" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Pests on Chrysanthemum leaves

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 </a>


 White-green moldy growth was seen on a rotting orange.  Observing a prepared slide of the sample under a foldscope revealed hyphae and conidia borne on conidiophore. Probably it is a
 
 Penicillium
 
 species.

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 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9675-moldy-growth-on-orange" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Gagandeep Singh

Earth

Posts

Pearls or pollen

Fibers of soft toy under foldscope

Wild plants of Chandigarh – Specimen 4 (Railroad creeper)

An ant to begin with

Locations

Statistics

Type of Sample

Foldscope Lens Magnification