parul parul

Pomegranate stored in refrigerator had some white powdery growth on them. I scraped a sample to observe it through foldscope to find branching network of fungal hyphae. Sporangial development at the tips of hyphae could be made out under foldscope.

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Unknown Fungus on Pomegranate fruit

Using a foldscope to observe pollen gives fantastic images.

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Pollen images

The Aloe plants in the college Botanical garden were seen with a fresh bloom of orange coloured pendulous, tubular flowers arranged in spikes. Pollen were isolated from these flowers and seen under foldscope.


 Aloe plant is an evergreen perennial succulent with fleshy leaves that have serrated margins and are full of gel. Flowered spike arise from the center of the rosette of leaves with orange coloured pendulous, tubular flowers. Orange coloured perianth lobes fused to form a tube bear 6 stamens the flower erupts from the center of the rosette of leaves growing into a group of small, yellow, tubular flowers.

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Pollen of Aloe under foldscope by Yatin @GGDSD College, Chandigarh

The moldy bread that Mamta got from mess by explored using foldscope. I was sure it would be Rhizopus. But it turned out to be some other mold ——- probably Aspergillus species. I could see loose sores (conidia) spread all over.

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Fungus on Bread under foldscope

Since in the workshop I was expecting the bread mold to be Rhizopus But it turned to be
 
 Aspergillus
 
 species. To make my concepts clear Teacher handed me preserved material of Rhizopus.I prepared its slide and observed it under foldscope and now could make out clear cut difference between
 
 Rhizopus
 
 and
 
 Aspergillus
 
 . I failed to stain it so images were a little blurry.

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 <img alt="b2" class="wp-image-181597 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="181597" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="181597" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="b2" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=181597" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_181595/b2.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="b3" class="wp-image-181598 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="181598" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="181598" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="b3" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=181598" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_181595/b3.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
 <li class="blocks-gallery-item">
 <figure>
 <img alt="b4" class="wp-image-181599 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="181599" data-comments-opened="1" data-id="181599" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="b4" data-link="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?attachment_id=181599" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_181595/b4.jpg"/>
 </figure>
 </li>
</ul>

Viewing Rhizopus under foldscope

<pre>I could never imagine viewing Rhizopus without a bulky microscope. Thanks to Dr. Samriti for providing this opportunity in her workshop on foldscopy
</pre>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38835" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_38835" style="width: 225px">
 <img alt="Rhizopus" class="size-medium wp-image-38835 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="38835" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="Rhizopus" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_38834/94BCF21D-0B0D-4A01-8CD7-3D0E9FBBF883.jpeg" width="225"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-38835">
 My first view of Rhizopus through foldscope
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 <img alt="7B8A13B3-FE47-4E47-A853-E7D2164ECD15" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-38838 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="38838" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7B8A13B3-FE47-4E47-A853-E7D2164ECD15" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_38834/7B8A13B3-FE47-4E47-A853-E7D2164ECD15.jpeg" width="225"/>

<pre><a href="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?p=38606"><img alt="7088B8F6-0F21-4547-9FDD-A4F0AE9E54F0" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-38836 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="38836" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7088B8F6-0F21-4547-9FDD-A4F0AE9E54F0" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_38834/7088B8F6-0F21-4547-9FDD-A4F0AE9E54F0.jpeg" width="225"/> 
</a></pre>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-38837" class="wp-caption alignnone" id="attachment_38837" style="width: 225px">
 <img alt="" class="size-medium wp-image-38837 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="38837" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_38834/0496592B-0ED9-49BA-88E1-A64AF66E9982.jpeg" width="225"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-38837">
 Rhizopus hyphae and sporangia
 </figcaption>
</figure>
<pre><a href="https://microcosmos.foldscope.com/?p=38606">
It was a great experience.</a>

Parul
2nd year graduating student 
GGDSD College, Chandigarh</pre>

Rhizopus &#8211; my first view

I, Aman Arjel  of SD College, Chandigarh could never imagine, sample collection for foldscoping could lead me to a summer vacation project on fibers of biological origin. It all happened by chance. Thanks to my buddy Kanwar Pal Singh who noticed Calotropis fruit – a follicle (which our Botany teacher told) and chose to see it through a foldscope.

<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40286" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_40286" style="width: 169px">
 <img alt="1" class="size-medium wp-image-40286 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40286" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/1-3.jpg" width="169"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-40286">
 
 Calotropis procera
 
 </figcaption>
</figure>
<figure aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40287" class="wp-caption aligncenter" id="attachment_40287" style="width: 169px">
 <img alt="2" class="wp-image-40287 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40287" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/2-3.jpg" width="169"/>
 <figcaption class="wp-caption-text" id="caption-attachment-40287">
 Mature fruit of Calotropis – follicle
 </figcaption>
</figure>

 
 Calotropis procera
 
 , commonly called AK is a weed of North India. On plucking its parts, a milky latex is oozed.  On removing the outer green covering, we noticed a network-like structure, which was mounted on a slide using cellotape and foldscoped. It appeared like a membranous structure with vein-like demarcations on it. We removed it to see scale-like structures as gills of a fish. Our teacher told us these were its seeds. On piercing through the seeds we saw tufts of shiny hair which through a foldscope appeared glistening fibers.


 <img alt="3" class="alignnone wp-image-40289 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40289" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528458115","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"125","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/3-3.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="3a" class="size-medium wp-image-40290 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40290" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3a" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/3a.jpg" style="font-weight: bold;font-size: 1.8rem" width="169"/>


 Opened fruit on peeling the showed rough coarse mesh
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40291 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40291" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528457868","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"500","shutter_speed":"0.04","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/4-3.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="4a" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40292 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40292" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528457712","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"800","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="4a" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/4a-1.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="4b" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40293 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40293" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528457792","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="4b" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/4b-1.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40294 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40294" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528457810","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"640","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/4c.jpg" width="300"/>


 Mesh as seen through a foldscope


 <img alt="5" class="alignnone wp-image-40295 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40295" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528459198","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/5-2.jpg" style="font-size: 1.8rem" width="300"/>


 Seeds removed to see tufts of silky fibres


 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40299 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40299" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528459918","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"500","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/6-2.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="6a" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40300 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40300" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528460752","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"200","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="6a" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/6a.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="6c" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40302 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40302" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6c" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/6c.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="6d" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-40303 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40303" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6d" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/6d.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="6b" class="alignnone wp-image-40301 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="40301" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"1.9","credit":"","camera":"SM-J701F","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1528460771","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.7","iso":"250","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="6b" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_40285/6b.jpg" width="169"/>


 Fibres of Calotropis fruit as viewed with foldscope


 I surfed through the literature and came across an important finding, which changed my fun with foldscopy into a meaningful project. These fibres from fruit of
 
 Calotropis procera
 
 are used as a fibre in African drylands.


 Nature is great. A milk-weed of medicinal importance can be more than that – a cash crop for livelihood. I was reminded of my late grandmother –“in nature nothing is waste”.


 Thanks Manu the great foldscope man














 
 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9083-fibers-from-nature-1" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Fibers from Nature -1

I had always imagined pollen to have thick, spiny covering called exine, which had germ pores on it. I came across Morning glory plant with pink flowers. It had bell shaped flowers, with the stamens quite deep seated. I took out the anthers, which had some staminal hairs along the filaments.  I could see a larva in it. But could not see any movement in it. May be it was feeding.


 The anthers were teased to release the pollen. What I saw under a foldscope was a mass of pollen agglutinated together. Tried my best to locate some dispersed pollen, which were just a few. I observed the pollen using LED provided along with Foldscope and also without it in natural light.


 <img alt="" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42014 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42014" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529339208","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.04","title":"","orientation":"3"}' data-image-title="" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/1-7.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42015 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42015" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529339217","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"3"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/2-7.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="3 Pollen under natural light" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42016 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42016" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"ASUS_Z00UD","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529421421","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.78","iso":"150","shutter_speed":"0.016666666666667","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3 Pollen under natural light" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/3-Pollen-under-natural-light.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42017 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42017" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"ASUS_Z00UD","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529421544","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.78","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.0083333333333333","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/4-8.jpg" width="169"/>
 Pollen cluster in natural light


 <img alt="5 pollen under LED" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42018 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42018" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"ASUS_Z00UD","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529421299","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.78","iso":"50","shutter_speed":"0.0076923076923077","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5 pollen under LED" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/5-pollen-under-LED.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42019 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42019" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"ASUS_Z00UD","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529421340","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.78","iso":"50","shutter_speed":"0.0058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/6-6.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="7 a bug in the floer" class="alignnone wp-image-42020 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42020" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529422560","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"80","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="7 a bug in the floer" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/7-a-bug-in-the-floer.jpg" width="225"/>


 Figs. -Pollen viewed under LED and the larva or bug feeding within


 Just then an idea clicked, if I go for a wet mount? So I proceeded by taking out the pollen in a water drop. To my astonishment, the pollen separated from each other. Oh my god, these pollen are sticky. I had never thought of
 
 sticky pollen
 
 . In water these swelled up and separated from each other neatly. I could see their smooth thick coverings and even in some the germ pores, and I could easily see their pollen tubes also.


 To clearly visualize the pollen tube, I used a piece of blue colored cellophane piece. With passage of time, the outer wall of pollen tended to fade out. May be it was a mucilaginous outer covering or made of a sugar, etc.,  which was dissolving in water, Even food reserves within the pollen grains could be spotted. And some empty pollen which had their food reserve exhausted.


 This was the most amazing thing I had come to know while foldscoping.


 <img alt="7 A" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42021 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42021" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529423329","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"40","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="7 A" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/7-A.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="8" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42022 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42022" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529423409","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"40","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/8-4.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="9" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42023 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42023" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425062","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"50","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="9" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/9-3.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="10 a" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42024 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42024" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"ASUS_Z00UD","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529422046","copyright":"","focal_length":"3.78","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.0083333333333333","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="10 a" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/10-a.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="10" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42025 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42025" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425068","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"50","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/10-1.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="11" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42026 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42026" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425108","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"50","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="11" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/11-1.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="12" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42027 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42027" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425114","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"40","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/12.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="13" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42028 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42028" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425200","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"64","shutter_speed":"0.01","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="13" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/13.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="14" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42029 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42029" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425239","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"50","shutter_speed":"0.01","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="14" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/14.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="15" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42030 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42030" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425145","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"32","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="15" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/15.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="16" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42031 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42031" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529425286","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"32","shutter_speed":"0.02","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="16" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/16.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="18" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42033 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42033" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529426281","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"640","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="18" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/18.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="19 undercellophane" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42034 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42034" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529426184","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"640","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="19 undercellophane" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/19-undercellophane.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="20" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42035 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42035" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529426425","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"160","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="20" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42013/20.jpg" width="300"/>


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9095-sticky-pollen" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Sticky pollen

In the corner of my house, I spotted a web. Fixed it on a slide using a cellotape and viewed it through the Foldscope. I was astonished as it revealed the facts about it as a
 
 fiber material
 
 .


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42898 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42898" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529563154","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1000","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42896/1-11.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42899 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42899" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529563919","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"250","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42896/2-12.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 The spotted spider web
 


 A spiderweb commonly found in all house hold as a dreaded thing can be more than that. Spiders are able to rig a web just about anywhere.


 Sparkling in the sunlight, this material has a remarkable strength-to-weight ratio.

<ul>
 <li>
 It is a silky high strength fiber
 </li>
 <li>
 Its tensile strength is comparable to that of steel
 </li>
 <li>
 It is lighter
 </li>
 <li>
 It is highly elastic and can stretch as a rubber band
 </li>
</ul>

 These traits in combination make it a tough fiber


 <img alt="3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42909 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42909" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529564518","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42896/3-14.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42910 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42910" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529565086","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.04","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42896/4-13.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42911 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42911" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529565012","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.05","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42896/5-9.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-42912 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="42912" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529564941","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_42896/6-10.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Fibers of different color and thickness could be seen in the captured images. Also it was noted that some sticky thing is present around the fibers, around which probably the dust is glued.
 


 A spider generates silk in specialized glands in its abdomen, and creates the silk strands using a spinning organ called a
 
 spinneret.
 
 Some spiders produce up to
 <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658765/figure/F1/">
 seven types of silk
 </a>
 , each with its own purpose and attributes.


 However, spider silk cannot be farmed in large quantities because spiders are
 
 cannibals
 
 , and will eat one another in close proximity. So scientists are producing Synthetic spider silk. It could be the biggest technological advancement in clothing. Synthetic spider silk could be used for everything from automobile parts to medical devices to performance outdoor gear, which is the area that’s attracting attention these days.


 Aman Arjil


 B.Sc 2nd year


 GGDSDCollege, Chandigarh

Fibers from Nature -2 (Spider silk)

Foldscope unfolded sticky pollen in another plant –
 
 Duranta erecta
 
 commonly called Damyanti.


 
 Duranta erecta
 
 is a common shrub cultivated in gardens as a fence is an invasive species. It bears small blue to purple somewhat tubular flowers hanging out in terminal clusters.


 I split open a flower to separate stamens and carpel. The petals were variegated, bearing trichomes on the edges and in the middle.


 The lobed green stigma could be marked out within the stamens.


 The stamens had short filaments but elongated anthers.


 On teasing the anthers, the mass of sticky pollen protruded out. The pollen separated when placed in water drop. The pollen on magnification appeared to be tricolpate.


 A small tubular pollen tube could be seen in germinating pollen.


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45498 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45498" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/1-1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45499 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45499" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/2-1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="3 Flower split open" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45500 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45500" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3 Flower split open" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/3-Flower-split-open.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 
 Flower cluster of Duranta erecta &amp; a flower split open
 
 


 
 <img alt="4 Flower petal" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45501 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45501" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4 Flower petal" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/4-Flower-petal.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="5 Trichomes on edges" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45502 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45502" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5 Trichomes on edges" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/5-Trichomes-on-edges.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="6 Trichomes on the edges of petal" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45503 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45503" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6 Trichomes on the edges of petal" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/6-Trichomes-on-the-edges-of-petal.jpg" width="225"/>
 


 
 
 A petal separated out &amp; Trichomes seen on the edges ofhe petal
 
 


 
 
 
 <img alt="7" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45504 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45504" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/7.jpg" width="169"/>
 <img alt="8" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45505 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45505" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/8.jpg" width="225"/>
 


 
 
 Middle portion of the petal
 
 


 
 <img alt="9" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45506 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45506" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="9" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/9.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="10" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45507 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45507" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/10.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="11" class="alignnone wp-image-45508 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45508" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1529597187","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"1600","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="11" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/11.jpg" width="225"/>
 


 
 
 Stigma and anther lobes
 
 


 
 <img alt="12" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45509 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45509" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/12.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="13" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45510 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45510" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="13" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/13.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="14" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45511 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45511" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="14" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/14.jpg" width="225"/>
 


 
 
 Sticky pollen mass
 
 


 
 <img alt="16 (2)" class="alignnone wp-image-45512 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45512" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="16 (2)" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/16-2.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="16" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-45513 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="45513" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1530720989","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"250","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="16" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_45494/16.jpg" width="300"/>
 


 
 
 Tricolpate Pollen of Duranta &amp;
 
 
 
 
 Pollen tube of a germinating pollen
 
 














 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9182-sticky-pollen-in-duranta" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Sticky pollen in Duranta

I located some moss plants growing in a shady corner of my garden.
 <img alt="1" class="size-medium wp-image-47918 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47918" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/1-8.jpg" width="225"/>
 On foldscoping, I could make out these were moss
 
 protonema
 
 (i.e. juvenile moss plants).


 On germination spores of mosses form green filamentous leafy structures that usually lak midrib. These are called
 
 Primary protonema
 
 . These then give way to slightly big leafy structures called
 
 Secondary protonema
 
 which are attached to the soil by means of rhizoids.


 This is what I had learnt in my Botany class, so was thrilled to see it in my slide.


 <img alt="3" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47919 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47919" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/3-7.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47920 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47920" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/4-5.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47922 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47922" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/5-5.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="5.1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47921 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47921" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1531648230","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"125","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="5.1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/5.1.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="7" class="alignnone wp-image-47924 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47924" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/7-6.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Above are pics of Primary Protonema and a filamentous leaf of the same
 


 <img alt="8" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47925 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47925" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="8" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/8-6.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="9" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47926 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47926" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="9" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/9-6.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="10" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47927 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47927" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/10-6.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 Secondary Protonema and its leaf under foldscope
 


 <img alt="11" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47929 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47929" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="11" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/11-6.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="11.1" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47928 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47928" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="11.1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/11.1.jpg" width="300"/>


 <img alt="13" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-47931 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47931" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="13" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/13-3.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="12" class="alignnone wp-image-47930 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="47930" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_47917/12-6.jpg" width="300"/>


 
 Capsule -like structures seen arising from the young plants

Moss in my garde

In the workshop held @ SD College campus, we learnt the assembly and use of a unique, small, portable paper microscope. Besides we also learnt the sampling technique.


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-22-19-21-57" class="size-medium wp-image-58313 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="58313" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-22-19-21-57" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_58311/PHOTO-2018-08-22-19-21-57.jpg" width="225"/>


 Water tank seepage was seen on the wall adjoining the main water tank. I took the sample and fixed it on a slide under the guidance of my teacher. Then fitted a magnetic coupler on my I-Phone using cello-tape to observe the prepared slide under a foldscope. Black mould with sporangium on a sporangiophore were seen in the sample and the pictures clicked.


 This is my first slide observed through the foldscope.


 
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-57-16" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-58321 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="58321" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-57-16" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_58311/PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-57-16.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-57-55" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-58322 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="58322" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-57-55" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_58311/PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-57-55.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-58-44" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-58324 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="58324" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-58-44" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_58311/PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-58-44.jpg" width="169"/>
 
 
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-58-13" class="alignnone wp-image-58323 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="58323" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-58-13" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_58311/PHOTO-2018-08-27-19-58-13.jpg" width="300"/>
 <img alt="IMG_5273" class="alignnone wp-image-58328 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="58328" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="IMG_5273" data-recalc-dims="1" height="230" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_58311/IMG_5273.jpg" width="300"/>
 
 
 
 
 
 Rashi (B.Sc 1st Semester student @ GGDSD College)
 
 
 
 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9354-my-first-view-of-fungus-on-compound-wall-through-foldscope" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

My first view of Fungus on compound wall through Foldscope

Rotting of vegetables is a common post-harvesting loss. Tomatoes have a very short life span and begin rotting and become flaccid if left unattended.


 A rotting tomato went unnoticed in the vegetable chamber of my refrigerator. I noticed some white moldy growth on it while cleaning the refrigerator. Picked up my foldscope and fixed the specimen on a slide using a cello-tape. Fungal mycelium could be seen on the infected part.


 <img alt="IMG_5854" class="alignnone wp-image-61149 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="61149" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1536234951","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"320","shutter_speed":"0.03030303030303","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="IMG_5854" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_61148/IMG_5854.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="IMG_5858" class="alignnone wp-image-61150 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="61150" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1536235486","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="IMG_5858" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_61148/IMG_5858.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="IMG_5859" class="alignnone wp-image-61151 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="61151" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1536235734","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"250","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"6"}' data-image-title="IMG_5859" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_61148/IMG_5859.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="IMG_5861" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-61152 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="61152" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"2.2","credit":"","camera":"iPhone 5s","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1536236387","copyright":"","focal_length":"4.15","iso":"400","shutter_speed":"0.058823529411765","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="IMG_5861" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_61148/IMG_5861.jpg" width="225"/>

Fungal growth on tomato

With an aim of exploring nature using foldscope, a nature walk was organized by GGDSD College, Chandigarh. On 13
 
 th
 
 September, 2018, we were taken for a visit to the P.U botanical garden.
 <img alt="1" class="size-medium wp-image-63389 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63389" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/1-12.jpg" width="300"/>


 This beautiful garden is taken care by Botany department of Panjab University, Chd. On reaching the garden, we were greeted by the calm and quite environment.  After making an entry in the register at the gate, we moved in. Not many visitors could be spotted at this time of the day. The only noise that could be heard was of the chirping birds.


 <img alt="2" class="size-medium wp-image-63390 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63390" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/2-13.jpg" width="300"/>


 Mr. Gurdev Singh, garden in-charge interacted with the college students and highlighted the rare and indigenous plants growing over there. Though I have been to many landscape gardens, It was my first visit to a botanical garden where I could see various types of plants – trees and creepers as well as blooming flowers that I had never seen in my life.


 Moving along the entry path we were directed towards the huge cluster of bamboos swaying with the wind.


 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63396 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63396" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/4-8.jpg" width="300"/>


 Nearby I saw a unique tree with its leaves forming a pocket-like pouch at the rear end. It was the rare Ficus krishna tree. I also came across Ginkgo biloba, the important Gymnosperm planted a few years back.


 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63398 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63398" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/6-8.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="7" class="alignnone wp-image-63399 size-medium gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63399" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="7" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/7-9.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="9" class="size-medium wp-image-63401 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63401" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="9" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/9-5.jpg" width="225"/>


 Many Pinus and Abies trees with their cones fallen on the ground were seen. Though I wanted to take home one, but my teachers told it is the property of the garden and not permissible.


 <img alt="10" class="size-medium wp-image-63402 alignright gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63402" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="10" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/10-4.jpg" width="225"/>


 Moving on a huge Peepal tree with hanging roots was visible. I had always seen prop roots only in photographs, but was viewing them actually for the first time. The hanging roots reminded of the saints (called Jatadharis as told by my grandma) that would sit under it and meditate for long periods and their beards and hair grew like these unlimitedly.


 <img alt="12" class="size-medium wp-image-63403 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63403" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="12" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/12-3.jpg" width="300"/>


 The mesmerizing beauty of the lotus and Nymphaea is beyond description. The large floating leaves filled the pond and we collected samples of algae and zooplanktons present in the pond.


 <img alt="13" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63404 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63404" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="13" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/13-1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="14" class="wp-image-63405 size-medium alignright gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63405" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="14" data-recalc-dims="1" height="225" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/14-1.jpg" width="300"/>


 We were allowed to move into the Cactus house after giving some precautions about the prickly thorns. It appeared as if we are entering into some unknown world as we moved in through its gate. Large number of cactii could be seen there. We posed for photographs. But after sometime it was difficult to stand because of excessive heat.


 <img alt="15" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63407 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63407" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="15" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/15-1.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="16" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63409 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63409" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="16" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/16-1.jpg" width="225"/>


 <img alt="17" class="size-medium wp-image-63411 alignright gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63411" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="17" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/17.jpg" width="225"/>


 The next to be seen were some wild creepers that had climbed the trees in wilderness. Nearby along one of the backyard walls of the garden, I could make out ferns. They had grown forming a mat in between the bricks. Even a climbing vine growing along the ferns made us realize how plants grow in nature together irrespective of their group and category.


 <img alt="18" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63412 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63412" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="18" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/18.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="19" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63413 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63413" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="19" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/19.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 A large number of other annual and perennial plants were also seen in the garden. Some of these were cultivated pot ferns, while others were growing wild like Phyllanthus niruri, Chenopodium alba, Euphorbia hirta, etc.
 


 <img alt="20" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63414 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63414" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="20" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/20.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="21" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-63415 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="63415" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="21" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_63388/21.jpg" width="225"/>


 
 Even the caretaker showed us the 3 O’ clock plant that bloomed right as the clock struck 3.00 p.m. We were by now tired and hungry, so walked to the student centre to have some refreshments and assembled to move back.
 


 The visit was a memorable one and gave an insight to the diverse flora growing there.


 Rhea


 B.Sc 5th Sem.


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9412-exploring-the-flora-of-a-botanical-garden" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Exploring the flora of a Botanical garden

Winged pollen of Pinus

The unleashed rains in the past few days filled all the ditches and puddles with water. I collected a sample from a puddle with stagnant water in the college campus. Scum had gathered in the puddle. Under the foldscope the sample revealed presence of filamentous algae.


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-55-28" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-68170 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="68170" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-55-28" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_68169/PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-55-28.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-56-29" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-68171 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="68171" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-56-29" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_68169/PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-56-29.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-57-24" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-68172 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="68172" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-57-24" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_68169/PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-57-24.jpg" width="225"/>
 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-58-48" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-68173 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="68173" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-58-48" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_68169/PHOTO-2018-09-28-23-58-48.jpg" width="225"/>

Algal filaments in a puddle

Holy Basil (
 
 Ocimum sanctum)
 
 , is a short lived perennial plant belonging to family Lamiaceae. Its leaves are medicinally important and used as a fresh or dried herb.


 A diseased leaf was spotted on the Tulsi plant growing in my terrace. I plucked the leaf and saw its tips had turned necrotic. On magnifying I could see certain hypertrophied areas.


 <img alt="1" class="alignnone wp-image-69926 size-thumbnail gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="69926" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_69924/1-2.jpg" width="150"/>
 <img alt="2" class="alignnone wp-image-69927 size-thumbnail gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="69927" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="2" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_69924/2-2.jpg" width="150"/>
 <img alt="3" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-69925 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="69925" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_69924/3-2.jpg" width="150"/>


 
 
 Browning on tips and edges as well as hypertrophied areas
 
 


 I prepared temporary mount of the diseased part and observed under the foldscpe to find rounded dark round localised patches. Are these cysts or simple localized necrotic lesions?


 <img alt="6" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-69928 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="69928" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="6" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_69924/6-1.jpg" width="150"/>
 <img alt="4" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-69930 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="69930" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="4" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_69924/4-2.jpg" width="150"/>
 <img alt="5" class="alignnone size-thumbnail wp-image-69931 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="69931" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="5" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_69924/5-2.jpg" width="150"/>


 I am unable to identify the causal organism.


 Jasveen, GGDSD College, Chandigarh


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9466-infected-leaves-of-holy-basil" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

Infected leaves of Holy Basil

Hi. I am Varsha, a 1st Semester student @GGDSD, Chandigarh. I would like to share my experiences of Foldscope workshop @GGDSD, College.


 Working with microscope was always a problem with me as i wear spectacles. The teacher would focus a slide on it and when my turn came, i would take them off and adjust the focus to have a clear view. And everytime, the focus had to be readjusted. My classmates always pushed me at the end of the queue.


 My heartiest thanks to Manu sir, as i am now more comfortable viewing the slide and do not have to wait till the end. I prepared a slide of pollen grains and observed it under foldscope @ the workshop.


 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-10-09-14-12-50" class="size-medium wp-image-71460 aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="71460" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-10-09-14-12-50" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71459/PHOTO-2018-10-09-14-12-50.jpg" width="225"/>


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 <img alt="PHOTO-2018-10-09-14-12-49" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-71462 gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="71462" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-10-09-14-12-49" data-recalc-dims="1" height="300" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71459/PHOTO-2018-10-09-14-12-49.jpg" width="225"/>


 VARSHA (B.Sc 1st Sem; GGDSD College, Chandigarh, INDIA)


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9504-my-first-foldscope-post" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

My first Foldscope post

I am Shivam and from GGDSD College. This is my first view of an object seen through a foldscope.


 <img alt="C.1" class="wp-image-71709 size-medium aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="71709" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="C.1" data-recalc-dims="1" height="168" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71707/C.1.jpg" width="300"/>
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 <img alt="C.3" class="wp-image-71711 size-medium aligncenter gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="71711" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="C.3" data-recalc-dims="1" height="169" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_71707/C.3.jpg" width="300"/>

Observing pollen @ Foldscope workshop

<img alt="PHOTO-2018-11-25-14-27-49" class="size-thumbnail wp-image-91444 alignleft gcloudimg" data-attachment-id="91444" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta='{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}' data-image-title="PHOTO-2018-11-25-14-27-49" data-recalc-dims="1" height="150" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/microcosmosdelta.appspot.com/images/transfer_91437/PHOTO-2018-11-25-14-27-49.jpg" width="150"/>


 Do molds spoil only foods? No they also are a nuisance on walls. Moldy growth on a wall shows greenish cotton-like growth. On analyzing it under a foldscope, it was seen to be
 
 Aspergillus.
 

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 Samriti Dhawan &amp; Jasveen Dua (GGDSD College, Chandigarh)
 


 <a href="https://thewinnower.com/papers/9717-spoilage-molds-growing-on-walls" target="_blank">
 This post is open to read and review on The Winnower.
 </a>

parul parul

Earth

Posts

Unknown Fungus on Pomegranate fruit

Pollen images

Pollen of Aloe under foldscope by Yatin @GGDSD College, Chandigarh

Fungus on Bread under foldscope

Locations

Statistics

Type of Sample

Foldscope Lens Magnification